Regulasi Sistem Saraf Otonom_revisi.ppt

7/21/2019 Regulasi Sistem Saraf Otonom_revisi.ppt

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Regulasi Sistem Saraf Otonom

Yhusi Karina



Tujuan perkuliahan

• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan:

– Struktur saraf otonom

– Kontrol dan regulasi saraf otonom

– Efek saraf otonom terhadap berbagai

organ – terutama traktus urinarius – Aspek perkembangan saraf otonom



Development of autonomic nervous system

• From the rostral/cranial end ofthe primitive streak, a long stistructure develops in themesoderm, elongating in thecranial direction.

• This becomes the notochord ,which marks the head/tail axisof the embryo.

• ectodermal thickens to form theneural plate closes neural tube

• neural crest – !orsal root ganglia "autonomic

nervous system#

– $igrate to form through theembryo% parasympathetic /sympathetic ganglia.

– &mbryologically, adrenalmedulla is derived from samecells as postganglionic '()cells.



Organiation of the !er"ous S#stemOrganiation of the !er"ous S#stem

• Peripheral Nervous System

• !er"es and ganglia outside the $entralner"ous s#stem

• !er"e % bundle of neuron fibers

• !euron fibers are bundled b#

$onne$ti"e tissue



The Autonomic Nervous System

• &egulate a$ti"it# of smooth mus$le'

$ardia$ mus$le ( $ertain glands

• Stru$tures in"ol"ed)* general "is$eral afferent neurons

+* general "is$eral efferent neurons

,* integration $enter within the brain

• &e$ei"es input from limbi$ s#stem and

other regions of the $erebrum• -o"erned b# the h#pothalamus that is-o"erned b# the h#pothalamus that is

lo$ated in the dien$ephalonslo$ated in the dien$ephalons



Nervous System





Autonomic versus Somatic NS

• Autonomi$ !S pathwa# is a + neuron pathwa#

• Somati$ !S pathwa# onl# $ontains one neuron*





Basic Anatomy of ANS

• Preganglionic neuron

– $ell bod# in brain or spinal $ord – a.on is m#elinated t#pe / fiber that e.tends to

autonomi$ ganglion

• Postganglionic neuron

– $ell bod# lies outside the 0!S in an autonomi$ganglion

– a.on is unm#elinated t#pe 0 fiber that terminates

in a "is$eral effe$tor



Divisions of the ANS

+ major di"isions

)* paras#mpatheti$

+* s#mpatheti$

Dual innervation

• one speeds up organ• one slows down

organ

• S#mpatheti$ !Sin$reases heart rate

• 1aras#mpatheti$ !S

de$reases heart rate



ANS Neurotransmitters

• 0lassified as either $holinergi$ or adrenergi$

neurons based upon the neurotransmitterreleased

• Adrenergi$

• 0holinergi$



Parasympathetic

• 0holinergi$ neurons release a$et#l$holine from

preganglioni$ neurons ( from paras#mpatheti$postganglioni$ neurons

• A$tion: E.$ites or inhibits depending upon

re$eptor t#pe and organ in"ol"ed

• &e$eptor:

– !i$otini$ re$eptors are found on dendrites ( $ell bodies

of autonomi$ !S $ells and at !M2 3all skeletal mus$les'

adrenal glands4

– Mus$arini$ re$eptors are found on plasma membranes

of all paras#mpatheti$ effe$tors 3re$eptors of some

sweat glands4



Acetylcholine

• !i$otini$ re$eptors

– !m 3mus$ular5t#pe or !+4: skeletal mus$le

– !n 3neuron5t#pe' or !)4: autonomi$

ganglia' 0!S

• Mus$arini$ re$eptors – 1ostganglioni$ paras#mpatheti$ and a few

s#mpatheti$ sites' 0!S 3also autonomi$

gang*4 – &e$eptor subt#pes: M)56



Catecholamine

• !orepinephrine – 1ostganglioni$ s#mpatheti$' 0!S' adrenal medulla

– &e$eptors: α)' α+' β)

• Epinephrine

– Adrenal medulla' 0!S – &e$eptors: α)' α+' β) ' β+

• 7opamine – Autonomi$ ganglia' 0!S

– &e$eptors: 73)564' α)' β)







Sympathetic

• Adrenergi$ neurons release nor epinephrine 3!E4

from postganglioni$ s#mpatheti$ neurons onl#• A$tion: E.$ites or inhibits organs depending on

re$eptors

• &e$eptor:

– Alpha) and /eta) re$eptors produ$e e.$itation

– Alpha+ and /eta+ re$eptors $ause inhibition

– /eta, re$eptors 3brown fat4 in$rease thermo genesis

• !E lingers at the s#napse until en#mati$all#ina$ti"ated b# monoamine o.idase 3MAO4 or

$ate$hol5O5meth#ltransferase 30OM84



Comparison of Somatic an AutonomicComparison of Somatic an Autonomic

Nervous SystemsNervous Systems

Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings





Autonomic

Nervous

System



The enteric nervous system• !er"e ple.uses within the wall of the digesti"e tra$t*

• 0ontributions from:

– sensor# neurons between digesti"e tra$t and 0!S'

– A!S motor neurons between the 0!S and thedigesti"e tra$t'

–enteri$ neurons $onfined within the ple.uses• 9un$tions

– Stimulateinhibit smooth mus$le $ontra$tion

– Stimulateinhibit gland se$retions

– 7ete$t $hanges in $ontent of lumen – ;nterneurons $onne$t sensor# and motor aspe$ts

of enteri$



Autonomic !unctioningAutonomic !unctioning• Sympathetic – <fight5or5flight=

•&esponse to unusual stimulus

• 8akes o"er to in$rease a$ti"ities

•&emember as the <E= di"ision % e.er$ise'

e.$itement' emergen$#' and embarrassment

• Parasympathetic – housekeeping a$ti"ities

•0onser"es energ#

•Maintains dail# ne$essar# bod# fun$tions

•&emember as the <7= di"ision 5 digestion'defe$ation' and iuresis

Responses to "#ercise



Responses to "#ercise$!ight or !light Response%

Alarm reaction & flight or fight response

• dilation of pupils• ;n$reased heart rate and for$e of $ontra$tion ( /1• in$rease in blood flow 3/lood "essel dilation4 in skeletal and $ardia$

mus$les• 7ilation of air passagewa#s ( respirator# rate in$reases• Energ# sour$es a"ailabilit# in$reased 3blood glu$ose le"el in$rease4

– -l#$ogen to glu$ose – 9at $ells break down trigl#$erides

• Mus$les generate heat' bod# temperature in$reases• Sweat gland a$ti"it# in$reases• 7e$rease in nonessential organ a$ti"ities de$rease in blood flow to

nonessential organs

'ong lasting ue to lingering of N" in synaptic gap anrelease of nor epinephrine (y the arenal glan



Parasympathetic Responses• &nhance *restanddigest+ activities• $echanisms that help conserve and restore

body energy during times of rest• (ormally dominate over sympathetic impulses• )-!! type responses salivation,

lacrimation, urination, digestion defecation

• 0 *decreases+ decreased 12, diameter ofairways and diameter of pupil

• 3aradoxical fear when there is no escape routeor no way to win

– causes massive activation ofparasympathetic division – loss of control over urination and defecation



Autonomic Refle#es

a4 1aras#mpatheti$

refle. "ia "aguslowers heart rate*

b4 S#mpatheti$ refle. "ia$ardia$ a$$elerator

ner"es 3s#mpatheti$4$ause heart rate toin$rease*



Regulation of ANS

• Autonomi$ refle.es $ontrol most of a$ti"it#

of "is$eral organs' glands' and blood"essels*• Autonomi$ refle. a$ti"it# influen$ed b#

h#pothalamus and higher brain $enters' but

it is the h#pothalamus that has o"erall$ontrol of the A!S*• S#mpatheti$ and paras#mpatheti$ di"isions

influen$e a$ti"ities of enteri$ ner"ous

s#stem through autonomi$ refle.es*• 8hese in"ol"e the 0!S* /ut' the enteri$

ner"ous s#stem $an fun$tion independentl#of 0!S through lo$al refle.es*

"nteric Nervous System)



"nteric Nervous System)Autonomic an 'ocal Refle#es

• &egulation of a$ti"it# of digesti"e tra$t

• Sensor# neurons of enteri$ ple.usessuppl# 0!S with information

• Autonomi$ neurons affe$t responses of

smooth mus$le and glands• 'ocal refle#: does not in"ol"e 0!S*

1rodu$es in"oluntar#' un$ons$ious'

stereot#pi$al response to stimulus*

*nfluence of Brain



*nfluence of Brain

on Autonomic !unctions



*nfluence of Brain on Autonomic

!unctions



Autonomic Dysrefle#ia

• E.aggerated response of s#mpatheti$ !S in $ases of

spinal $ord injur# abo"e 8>• 0ertain sensor# impulses trigger mass stimulation of

s#mpatheti$ ner"es below the injur#

• &esult

– vasoconstriction which elevates bloodpressure

– parasympathetic () tries to compensate byslowing heart rate dilating blood vessels

above the in4ury – pounding headaches, sweating warm skin

above the in4ury and cool dry skin below

– can cause sei5ures, strokes heart attack



<?1A A.is=?#pothalamus51ituitar#5Adrenal

Chart by Franklyn Sills

S l i

d e p r e p a r e d b y J o h n C h i t t y ,

C o l o r a d o S c h o o l o f E n e r g y S t u d i e s , w w w . e n e r g y s c h o o l . c o m

Regulasi Sistem Saraf Otonom_revisi.ppt

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