CENDAWAN DAN
PARASIT
Cendawan Srikandi Fardiaz (1992) :Suatu organisme eukariotik yang mempunyai ciri-ciri ;(1)Mempunyai inti sel(2)Memproduksi spora(3)Tidak mempunyai klorofil (≠ melakukan
fotosintesa)(4)Berkembang biak secara seksual maupun
aseksual(5)Beberapa mempunyai bagian-bagian tubuh
berbentuk filamen dengan dinding sel yang mengandung selulosa atau khitin, atau kedua-duanya.
Parasit : organisme menempel yang dapat bersifat patogenik dan fatal pada infeksi yang berat
Parasitisme : hubungan antara dua organisme dimana salah satunya bergantung hidup pada yang lainnya untuk mengambil keuntungan pada inang. Biasanya keuntungan yang diambil adalah nutrisi.
CENDAWAN DAN
PARASIT
• Bermanfaat / menguntungkanYang bermanfaat diantaranya adalah : - Fermentasi alcohol, pembuatan tempe,
menghasilkan antibiotik (Penicillium notatum). - Jamur yang bisa dimakan edible Mushrom
(Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus) dll- Sebagai sumber obat-obatan- Sebagai pengurai bahan organik-Sebagai pengendali penyakit secara hayati
-Merugikan : Sebagai pathogen
CENDAWAN
CENDAWAN
CENDAWAN DIBEDAKAN MENJADI 3 GOLONGAN :1.KAPANG/JAMUR/MOLD2. KHAMIR/RAGI/YEAST3. CENDAWAN DIMORFIK
CENDAWANKAPANG
1. Multiselluler 2. Membentuk benang-benang hifa / filament3. Hifa yang dibentuk ada yang bersekat maupun
tak bersekat4. Memproduksi spora 5. Bersifat aerob6. Koloni berbentuk rhizoid7. Reproduksi seksual atau aseksual
CENDAWANKHAMIR/YEAST
1. Uniselluler 2. Bentuk oval / lonjong dengan diameter 3 – 15
mikron, 3. Reproduksi asekual membentuk tunas
(budding cell) atau membelah diri (fussion) ; seksual dengan spora
4. Bersifat aerob atau anaerob5. Koloni berbentuk pasta, ≠ hypha
CENDAWANCENDAWAN DIMORFIK
Merupakan jamur yang mempunyai dua bentuk yaitu : khamir dan kapang. Berbentuk khamir jika berada di dalam inang / host atau pada suhu inkubasi 37 derajat C, dan berbentuk kapang jika berada diluar inangnya atau pada suhu inkubasi suhu ruang.
CENDAWAN
Khamir/yeastSaccharomyces sp
Fungi/mold/kapangSaprolegnia sp
Cendawan dimorfikBlastomyces dermatitidis
CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI
CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI
CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP
CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP
A. Yeast cells reproducing by blastoconidia formation; B. Yeast dividing by fission; C. Pseudohyphal development; D. Coenocytic hyphae; E. Septate hyphae; F. Septate hyphae with clamp connections
PHYLUM EUMYCOTA SP. MASTIGOMYCOTINA
C. Oomycetes O. Saprolegniales Saprolegnia Achyla Branchiomyces C. Chytridiomycetes O. Chytridiales Dermocystidium SP. ZYGOMYCOTINA O. Entomopthorales Ichtyophonus Basidiobolus FUNGI IMPERFECTI C. Hyphomycetes O. Moniliales Exophiala Aspergillus C. Coelomycetes O. Sphaeropsidales Phoma
CENDAWANCENDAWAN DI IKAN
First example of a fungal infection noted in fish was illustrated by Arderon in 1748
as mentioned, they produce a motile biflagellate spore (easy dispersal)
also produce a thick-walled zoospore by the fusion of two gametes; thus, oospore and their name
usually manifested as hyphae
Class Oomycetes
(1) Saprolegniasis
Although there are four Orders within the Class Oomycetes, almost all of the significant fish pathogens are within Family Saprolegniaceae
saprolegniasis is the term used to describe infection with Saprolegnia parasitica-declina complex
it is typically external, affecting skin and gills, sometimes eggs
Saprolegniasis
As mentioned, the adult form is a mass of filaments known as hyphae
the mass is called a mycelium (looks like a wad of cotton in the water)
hyphae are unique in that they are non-septate (no divisions)
the asexual biflagellated zoospores are thought to initiate most infections
Saprolegniasis
Ecology: ubiquitous, most surface fresh waters, limited to no greater than 2.8 ppt
can live on dead or live matter, affect only fish which have been compromised in some way:1. suppression of immune system
(unfavorable temps)2. injury to skin (trauma)3. spawning or precocious sexual
maturity (thickened epithelium = more mucus)
4. no seasonal (temp) restrictions to infections with eggs
Saprolegniasis
Clinical features: seen as gray-white lesions (patches) on skin, could be colored due to what’s in culture water
lesions start small and circular, but spreadcan sometimes damage internal organsall fish are susceptibleonly unfertilized eggs can be penetrated by
hyphae
Saprolegniasis
Control: for the fish, use good management techniques, avoid predisposing factors (feed, injury, water quality esp. temp)
Treatment: malachite green as topical disinfectant (not approved), formalin is approved but not as effective
Saprolegniasis: life cycle
Saprolegniasis: hyphae
Saprolegniasis
Saprolegniasis
mycelium
Saprolegniasis
Saprolegniasis
Fish eggs with Saprolegniasis
(2) BranchiomycosisThis disease is commonly referred
to as “gill rot”due to massive necrosis of gillsBranchiomycosis sp. fungus
invades gill blood vesselseither B. sanguinis (only in gill
blood vessels); carp, goldfishor B. demigrans (grows from
blood vessels to tissue); bass, pike, striped bass
BranchiomycosisEpizootiology: sudden on-set, rapid course,
high mortality (within two days sometimes), overall mort’s = 30-50%
usually when temps above 20oCWhy? High organic loads, algae, high temps,
high densitytransmission: probably horizontal from
other necrotic gills (spores)
BranchiomycosisClinical features: disease course
so fast that fish are dead before any signs; fish go off feed, school at surface, become sluggish
later: necrotic patches on gills (much clubbing, fusion of lamellae)
Histopath: hyperplasia of gill epithelium, fusion of lamellae, massive necrosis
Control: treatment ineffective due to rapid on-set; strict hygiene, remove dead fish, don’t overfeed, fertilize, crowd
Branchiomycosis
Fungal Disease (3): Ichthyophoniasis (Zygomycotina)Originally found by Bruno Hofer in trout
in 1893, called disease “the staggers”caused by Ichthyophonus hoferi also
classified as Ichthyosporidium hoferiusually seen as thick, fungus-like resting
sporesendemic in most feral cold water marine
fish populationsdisease transmitted orallyit is an obligate fish pathogen: life history
varies from host to host
IchythophoniasisLife cycle complicated: produces large
number of endospores and resting spores in most internal organs
usually comes from other fish in populationClinical Features: hyphae are not visible
externally, can affect up to 70% of population is fungus is in epizootic years
Histopathology: signs depend on host, organs involved; generally, as gray-white lesions of organ, organ atrophy
Control: disease transmitted orally; obviously, don’t feed infected fish to fish (some people feed raw marine fish offal to hatchery fish)
Ichythophoniasis
Ichythophoniasis
Ichthyophoniasis (I. hoferi)
Fungal Disease (4): Aspergillomycosis These agents are members of the
Fungi Imperfecti“Fungi imperfecti” simply means
you can’t find sexual stages in the life cycle of the fungus
associated with genus, Aspergillus (those of you who have had Aquatic Nutrition remember this guy, right?!)
the Aspergilli are ubiquitous and typically involved in decay processes
byproducts of degradation of feeds = aflatoxicosis
AspergillomycosisOnly recently discovered as a
pathogen of farmed fish (1983)largely described for cultured Tilapiausually seen after any stress in terms
of management of fish in ponds (partial harvest, weighing, etc.)
Pathology: abdominal distension, darkening of color, lethargy; incision of body cavity = copious amounts of fluid
look for hyphae in liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, swim bladder
Epizootiology: mortalities of at least 20% of stock
Shrimp Mycosis: LagenidiumThis disease largely caused by
Lagenidium callinectes or Sirolpidium sp.
two fungal agents can cause rapid mortality of entire tank
fungi have similar life cycles, producing hyphae which spread throughout the body
major signs: dead or moribund larvae show obvious hyphae, death in 3-5 days if untreated
Larval Mycosis: LagenidiumEpizootiology: unknown, possibly
from broodstock, previously infected batches of larvae, contaminated source water; spread by motile zoospores
Diagnosis: simple due to obvious hyphal structures in infected animals
Control: Treflan @ 10 to 100 ppb; Treflan unstable in water, must be “dripped” in or re-applied every 5-8 hrs; disinfection of tank and apparati
Lagenidium callinectes
Shrimp Mycosis: Fusarium sp.We have already mentioned
Lagenidium callinectes and Sirolpidium sp.
These were agents of larval mycosisOne common fungi affecting adults is
Fusarium sp., member of fungi imperfecti
Causes disease known as fusariosislargely associated with broodstock,
particularly of Farfantepenaeus japonicus and Litopenaeus stylirostris
L. vannamei appears fairly resistant
Fusarium sp.Fusariosis is a problem when several
contributing factors are present:age: shrimp are typically older
(adult, broodstock)cuticle wounding: due to rough
handling, crowding, rough container surfaces
improper sanitationMajor Signs: melanized, raised or
nodular lesions on cuticle, appendages, gills (fungus cannot penetrate intact cuticle)
often found on tips of appendages
Fusarium sp.Mortality rates of infected shrimp
vary due to complex relationship between host, fungus and secondary bacterial infection
stress in combination with infection can cause increased handling mortality (esp. shipping)
Transmission: Fusarium is naturally-occurring fungus of decaying organic matter, produces non-motile infective spores (macroconidia)
infection is passive through wound, conidia germinate and produce hyphae which penetrate underlying tissues
Fusarium sp.Diagnosis: presence of lesions in
broodstock or adults, demonstration of hyphae, canoe-shaped macroconidia, culture on std mycological media
Control Strategies: no practical treatment, prevention a matter of proper husbandry, sanitation, adequate facilities
avoid procedures/conditions leading to cuticle damage
cull out infected broodstock, adults
Fusarium sp.
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of a host, while endoparasites live in thehost’s interior. For example, most trematodes are endoparasitic in the internal tissues anddigestive tract, whereas almost all monogeneans live on the gills or skin of fish (see pp.55–72).• Most species of parasites are obligate parasites, which need a host for survival at leastduring certain stages of their life cycle. A few (e.g. some ciliates) are facultative parasitesand are able to survive in the free environment during their whole life but can parasitisea host as well (see pp. 37–41).• Temporary parasites, such as leeches, infect their hosts only for short periods, whereaspermanent parasites, such as roundworms or trematodes in the digestive tract of manymarine animals, infect hosts for a long time (see pp. 72–87 and 104–115).• Larval parasites are parasitic only during their larval stage (e.g. praniza larvae of isopods)(see p. 144 and Fig. 6.5).• Periodic parasites, such as leeches, visit their hosts in intervals (see pp. 196–202).• Hyperparasites are parasites of parasites. In the marine environment, not manyhyperparasites are known, but new ones are being described frequently. An example isthe monogenean Udonella that infects copepod ectoparasites of fishes (see pp. 293–298).• Microparasites (which include the protistans and some helminths) are small and haveshort generation times, reproduce in or on a host at high rates, the duration of infectionis often shorter than the life span of hosts, and they induce immune responses in theirvertebrate hosts. In contrast, macroparasites (arthropods and most helminths) are larger,do not multiply in or on the host, and have longer generation times than microparasites.