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TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE DAN PERAN ENTOMOLOGI DALAM PERKEMBANGAN SAINS KEBERLANJUTAN

(Serangga Untuk Kehidupan Yang Lebih Baik)

Prof. Dr. Damayanti Buchori, MSc

Seminar Nasional 2018 PEI Cabang Palembang “Serangga untuk Pertanian Berkelanjutan dan Kesehatan Lebih Baik”

Palembang, 12 Juli 2018

Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences IPB

Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Faperta IPB

Knowledge, Science and Society

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS: Science and Local/Indigenous Knowledge • Currently, The science system is the primary knowledge

system in society • Science and scientific revolution feeds into “modern

knowledge”: systematic, structured knowledge based on observation and experiments

• Local knowledge is a collection of facts and relates to the entire system of concepts, beliefs and perceptions that people hold about the world around them. This includes the way people observe and measure their surroundings, how they solve problems and validate new information. It includes the processes whereby knowledge is generated, stored, applied and transmitted to others.

Sources: Part taken from Warburton and Martin (1999) and FAO Web site for Gender, Agrobiodiversity and Local Knowledge

Characteristics of Traditional / Indigenous Knowledge

• is generated within communities

• is location and culture specific

• is the basis for decision making and survival strategies

• is not systematically documented

• concerns critical issues of human and animal life: primary production, human and animal life, natural resource management

• is dynamic and based on innovation, adaptation, and experimentation

• is oral and rural in nature

Local Knowledge: Subak System, Bali.

Water Reservoir The Landscape The Landscape

• Local knowledge: • Ritual of Sasi and Harvest

Petalangan Community, Riau, Sumatera

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

GloFish, a zebra danio that produce a red fluorescent protein, are the only transgenic fish that are commercially available in the United States

Transgenic plant labelled with fluorescent protein

(Credit: Dr. David Dobnik)

GLOBALISASI ILMU MODERN

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

AKAN TETAPI

KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE WISDOM

What is the MESSAGE?

BLACK BOX

Keprihatinan terhadap perkembangan peradaban melahirkan pemikiran2 baru di bidang sains keberlanjutan

SCIENCE-SOCIETY: The saddest aspect of life right now, is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom” (Isaac Asimov)

Knowledge Science

(structured knowledge)

WISDOM

Society -Values

EVOLUTION OF KNOWLEDGE; Understanding complexity in sustainability

Local/Traditional Knowledge

Modern Knowledge

Future Knowledge:

Integrating the Past and Present

Wisdom Facts:

Deconstructing past knowledge

Future Knowledge:

Integrating the Past and Present

EVOLUTION OF KNOWLEDGE: LOOKING BACK IN TIME

Past: Traditional Knowledge

(values)

Present; Modern

Knowledge (neutral)

Future: Knowledge Co-

production

BLACK BOX UNCOVER The BLACK BOX: Reductionist

Holistic: Socioecological

Sustainability science

• An emerging field of research dealing with the interactions between natural and social systems, and with how those interactions affect the challenge of sustainability: meeting the needs of present and future generations while substantially reducing poverty and conserving the planet's life support systems.

• -PNAS website-

The cultivation, integration, and application of knowledge about Earth systems gained especially from the holistic and historical sciences (such as geology, ecology, climatology, oceanography) coordinated with knowledge about human interrelationships gained from the social sciences and humanities, in order to evaluate, mitigate, and minimize the consequences, regionally and worldwide, of human impacts on planetary systems and on societies across the globe and into the future – that is, in order that humans can be knowledgeable Earth stewards.

Kieffer, S.W., Barton, P., Palmer, A.R., Reitan, P.H., & Zen, E. 2003. Megascale events: Natural disasters and human behavior. Geol. Soc. America Abstracts with programs: 432

SOCIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

• SASI: understanding of population ecology and the link between seasonaility and reproductive biology of fish and its enforcement in the society

• Petalangan community: Understanding the link between bee ecology and behavior and interlinkages with the environment of the forests

• Subak: hubungan manusia-alam-Pencipta. Uses of traditional knowledge in modern days life: banking system and subak

SUSTAINBILITY SCIENCE

ABAD 21: The Century of Complexity

• Science, democracy and market economy

• How to effectively meet the challenges of the 21st century?

• Transdisciplinarity is a new form of learning and problem solving involving cooperation among different parts of society and academia in order to meet complex challenges of the society.

• Transdisciplinary research starts from tangible, real-world problems. Solutions are devised in collaboration with multiple stakeholders. A practice-oriented approach, transdisciplinarity is not confined to a closed circle of scientific experts, professional journals and academic departments where knowledge is produced. Through mutual learning, the knowledge of all participants is enhanced, including local knowledge, scientific knowledge and the knowledges of concerned industries, business and NGO’s

Sains Keberlanjutan (sustainaibility science) adalah keilmuan

yang berorientasi untuk menghasilkan solusi strategis atas

isu-isu lingkungan, keanekaragaman hayati, ekosistem tropis,

sumberdaya alam, dan sosial-ekonomi menggunakan

pendekatan transdisiplin dan berpijak pada paradigma

kompleksitas dengan mengutamakan prinsip keterlibatan

pemangku kepentingan dan peran kearifan lokal demi

tercapainya keberlanjutan bumi dan kesejahteraan umat

manusia” (PAH Pengembangan SS, 2017)

Transdisiplin dan Sains Keberlanjutan

Sustainability Science is an interdisciplinary scientific approach aiming to

solve urgent global challenges by linking segmentallized academic

disciplines from a comprehensive and integrated point of view, for the

purpose of building a sustainable global society (MEXT, 2011).

Jenis Riset

TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE: Knowledge co-creation

• Transdisciplinary science involves collaboration among scholars representing two or more disciplines in which the collaborative products reflect an integration of conceptual and/or methodological perspectives drawn from 2 or more fields

• The intellectual product of TDS includes the generation of new hypothesis for research, integrative theoretical framework for analysing particular problems, novel methodological and empirical analysis of those problems, and ultimately evidence-based recommendations

• Transdisciplinary Research is defined as research efforts conducted by investigators from different disciplines working jointly to create new conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and translational innovations that integrate and move beyond discipline-specific approaches to address a common problem.

Jenis Riset

Transdisciplinary Research

Multidisciplinary Research

Interdisciplinary Research

Collaboration in which exchanging information, altering discipline-specific approaches, sharing resources and integrating disciplines achieves a common scientific goal (Rosenfield 1992).

Researchers from a variety of disciplines work together at some point during a project, but have separate questions, separate conclusions, and disseminate in different journals.

Researchers interact with the goal of transferring knowledge from one discipline to another. Allows researchers to inform each other’s work and compare individual findings.

Jenis Riset

Tress et al. (2005) dikutip Mauser et al. (2013) menjelaskan bahwa integrasi antar-disiplin ilmu dalam kegiatan riset memiliki derajat kekuatan yang bervariasi yaitu rendah (participatory dan multidisciplinary) dan terintegrasi secara penuh (interdisciplinary dan transdisciplinary). Pendekatan transdisiplin melibatkan juga peran non akademik.

IMPORTANT TO DISCOVER AND UNCOVER HOW

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE HAS

“SCIENCE” AND WISDOM INTEGRATED AS VISION OF THE COMMUNITY

SCIENCE HAS VALUES

Traditional science

Sustainability

science Difference

Aim To understand everything To sustain the earth Separate/total

Object Anything generally

existing in the universe Specific phenomena Open/bounded

Result of

research Knowledge for

understanding Knowledge for

action Analysis/synthesis

Mode of

change Additive Non- additive Linear/non linear

Measure Unchangeable (any

change can be deduced

from existence)

Slowly changing Stable/unstable

Expected

practical

results

Prosperity and safety of

human beings Sustainability of the

Earth Prosperity/sustainability

Perbandingan traditional science vs sustainability science

Sumber: Yoshikawa, 2011

TRANSDISIPLINARY SCIENCE

So: What kind of science is Sustainability Science?

• Sustainability science is a different kind of science that is primarily user-inspired, with significant fundamental and applied knowledge component, and commitment to moving such knowledge into societal action.

• Its real test of success will be in implementing its knowledge to meet the great environment and development challenges of the century.

Transdisciplinary Research

• Transdisciplinary research is, essentially, team science. In a transdisciplinary research endeavor, scientists contribute their unique expertise but work entirely outside their own discipline. They strive to understand the complexities of the whole project, rather than one part of it.

• Transdisciplinary research allows investigators to transcend their own disciplines to inform one another’s work, capture complexity, and create new intellectual spaces

KAWAIWETE PEOPLES’ KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF NUMEROUS STINGLESS BEES

Location: Southern Amazon, Brazil

Suku Kawaiwete (dulu dikenal sebagai Kaiabi) yang tinggal di Xingu Indian Park, Amazon Selatan. Mereka percaya bahwa Stingless bees memiliki kekuatan magis dan dapat menyebabkan “bee illness” pada orang2 yang tidak hormat ketika melakukan pemanenan madu. Madu stingless bees digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit diarrhea. Suku Kawaiwete memiliki pengetahuan yang dalam mengenai stingless bees, dan ada 37 nama local yang diberikan untuk species2 berbeda yang memiliki habitat berbeda. Mereka juga telah mengidentifikasi 28 jenis pohon yang digunakan seagai tempat bersarang dan 19 jenis tanaman sebagai sumber pakan. Distribusi geografis dari 37 spp tsb telah dipetakan dengan akurat oleh suku Kawaiwete

SUGAR BAG DREAMING. KINSHIP RELATIONSHIPS PROTECTING BEES IN AUSTRALIA

Location: Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Yolngu indigenous people (Fijn, 2014)

Masyarakat Yoingu di Australia, telah mengenal stingless bees sejak 4000 tahun yll. Mereka mengenal dua jenis stingless bees, birrkuda and yarrpany, yang diklasifikasikan kedalam dua kelompok Yirritjadan Dhuwa. Pengetahuan ini kemudian menjadi dasar lahirnya lagu2, tarian dan kepercayaan2 tertentu. Pengetahuan mereka juga telah mengidentifikasikan stingless bees sebagai pollinator dari tanaman local spt Melaleuca spp .) dan adanya hubungan yang erat dengan tanaman Eucalyptus tetradonta. Perburuan madu juga merupakan ritual budaya yang mendekatkan hubungan antar generasi. Hasil koleksi berupa madu, lilin dan larva penting bagi kesehatan suku ini. Both bees provide the Yolngu with strong connections that influence culture, social interactions and interaction with nature itself.

BIOTEMPORAL INDICATORS FOR HONEY HUNTING Location: East Kalimantan, Indonesia Punan indigenous peoples and local communities

• Dayak Punan di Kelay, menggunakan biotemporal indicators. Natural signs trigger honey harvesting activities (Widagdo, 2011). If they hear certain calling of birds, they refrain from climbing the trees, because it is an indicator that the process will not be successful or may be dangerous. Before they start harvesting, traditionally they “call” the bees by the keluwung ceremony early in the honey season – usually around early October.

• Pada masyarakat Punan Tubu (Malinau), pembungaan meranti, sago palm, dan buah2an lain menandakan saatnya panen madu. Biasanya diikuti oleh singing of birds (e.g., great argus pheasant Agursianus argus) and cicadas, and followed by the breeding season for the wild pig (Sus barbatus). Hordes of boars migrate in anticipation of fruits. The mythology of the Punan Tubu tell of the link between bees on huge tree branches and pigs underneath since the creation time (Mamung and Abot, 2000).

CHANGE IN PARADIGM

• Sustainability Science: Transdisciplinary Science

• Transcends Ecology, Social, Politics and Humanity • Require fundamental advances in our ability to address such issues as the

behavior of complex self-organizing systems as well as the responses, some irreversible, of the nature-society system to multiple and interacting stresses

• New Indicator of Development

• Sustainability is teaching a lifestyle, not merely teaching facts:

o Do we care whether our generation lost its future?

o Do we care about abuses to the environment?

o Do we care about poverty?

SUSTAINABILITY IS ABOUT JOURNEY

A NATION’S JOURNEY TO FIND ITS IDENTITY IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

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