Theory and Research of Human Development

MATA KULIAH : PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN IDIBUAT TAHUN : 2012STASTUS PERBAIKAN : BARUTAHUN PERBAIKAN : ---DOSEN : MARIA, M.PSI PK-FP-02-08

MATA KULIAH : PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN IDIBUAT TAHUN : 2012STASTUS PERBAIKAN : BARUTAHUN PERBAIKAN : ---DOSEN : MARIA, M.PSI PK-FP-02-08

Theory and Research of Human Development

1. Basic Theoretical Issues2. Five Theoretical Perspective3. Research Methods4. Ethics of Research

Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)

1. Basic Theoretical Issues2. Five Theoretical Perspective3. Research Methods4. Ethics of Research

© 2012 by [email protected]


A theory is used to organize and explain data and generate hypothesis thatcan be tested by research.

Issue 1: Is DevelopmentIssue 1: Is Development ActiveActive oror Reactive?Reactive?Mechanistic Model =

(Tabula rasa –John Locke)

Organismic Models =(Noble savages– Jean Jacques

Rosseau)

Views human development as a series of predictableresponses to stimuli.People are like machines that react to environmental input.Mechanistic researchers want to identify the factors thatmake people behave as they do.

-

--


A theory is used to organize and explain data and generate hypothesis thatcan be tested by research.

Issue 1: Is DevelopmentIssue 1: Is Development ActiveActive oror Reactive?Reactive?Mechanistic Model =

(Tabula rasa –John Locke)

Organismic Models =(Noble savages– Jean Jacques

Rosseau)


Views human development as a series of predictableresponses to stimuli.People are like machines that react to environmental input.Mechanistic researchers want to identify the factors thatmake people behave as they do.

Views human development as internally initiated by an activeorganism and as occuring in a sequence of qualitativelydifferent stages.People are active, growing organisms that set their owndevelopment in motion. They initiate events; they do not justreact. The driving force for change is internal.Environmental influences do not cause the development, theyjust can speed or show it.

-

-

-


Issue 2: Is DevelopmentIssue 2: Is Development ContinuousContinuous oror DiscontinuousDiscontinuous??

CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS DISCONTINUOUSDISCONTINUOUS

Quantitative change: Perubahandalam hal angka atau jumlah, sepertitinggi & berat badan, jumlahperbendaharaan kata, dsb.

Qualitative change: Perubahan yangtidak berlangsung terus menerus/tidak berkesinambungan padastruktur atau tatanan.

Bertahap dan bertambah/ terusmeningkat.

Tidak terduga atau tidak dapatdiperkirakan.

Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)© 2012 by [email protected]

Bertahap dan bertambah/ terusmeningkat.

Tidak terduga atau tidak dapatdiperkirakan.

Mechanistic model. Organismic model.

Lebih universal. Lebih individual.

Contoh: Kehamilan usia 2 bulanhingga 8 bulan.

Contoh: Kondisi tidak hamil menjadihamil.


PSYCHOPSYCHO--ANALYTICANALYTIC

Views of human development asshaped by unconscious forcesthat motivate human behavior.

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual DevelopmentErik Erikson: Psychosocial Development

LEARNINGLEARNING

Views of human developmentthat holds that changes inbehavior result from experienceor from adaptation to theenvironment.

BEHAVIORISMIvan Pavlov: Classical ConditioningB. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning (reinforcement, punishment)

SOCIAL LEARNINGAlbert Bandura: Social Learning (Social Cognitive) Theory

(reciprocal determinism, observationallearning/ modeling, self-efficacy)

Jean Piaget: Cognitive-Stage Theory (organization, schemes, adap-tation[assimilation & accomodation], equilibration)

Lev Vygotsky: Socio-cultural Theory (ZPD, Scaffolding)The Information Processing ApproachNeo-Piagetian Theories


COGNITIVECOGNITIVEView that thought processes arecentral to development.

Jean Piaget: Cognitive-Stage Theory (organization, schemes, adap-tation[assimilation & accomodation], equilibration)

Lev Vygotsky: Socio-cultural Theory (ZPD, Scaffolding)The Information Processing ApproachNeo-Piagetian Theories

CONTEXTUALCONTEXTUALView of human development thatsees the individual as inseparablefrom the social context.

Bronfenbrenner: Bioecological Theory (microsystem, mesosystem,exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem)

EVOLUTIONARY/EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOSOCIO--BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL

View of human development thatfocuses on evolutionary andbiological bases of behavior.

Darwin: Evolution TheoryEthology: John Bowlby (attachment)Evolutionary Psychology


QUANTITATIVEQUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVEQUALITATIVEResearch that deals with objectivelymeasurable data (numerical data),and include statistical analysis.

Research that focuses on non-numerical data(verbal or pictorial) that describe participant’ssubjective understandings, feeling or beliefsabout their experiences.

The selection of the methods depend on the purpose of the study, the topic,and the researcher’s theoretical orientation.


WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC METHOD?


Research that focuses on non-numerical data(verbal or pictorial) that describe participant’ssubjective understandings, feeling or beliefsabout their experiences.

Based on scientific method. More flexible & informal and less structured &systematic.

EXAMPLE: Children Undergoing SurgeryEXAMPLE: Children Undergoing Surgery

How much fear or anxiety? How children describe their emotions?


Scientific Methods: System of established principles & processes of scientificinquiry, which includes:(1) identifying a problem to be studied(2) formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research(3) collecting data(4) analysing the data(5) forming tentative conclucions(6) disseminating findings


Scientific Methods: System of established principles & processes of scientificinquiry, which includes:(1) identifying a problem to be studied(2) formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research(3) collecting data(4) analysing the data(5) forming tentative conclucions(6) disseminating findings


identifying aidentifying aproblem to beproblem to be

studiedstudied

identifying aidentifying aproblem to beproblem to be

studiedstudied

formulating aformulating ahypothesis to behypothesis to be

tested bytested byresearchresearch

formulating aformulating ahypothesis to behypothesis to be

tested bytested byresearchresearch

collecting datacollecting datacollecting datacollecting data analysinganalysing thethedatadata

analysinganalysing thethedatadata

forming tentativeforming tentativeconclucionsconclucions

forming tentativeforming tentativeconclucionsconclucions

disseminatingdisseminatingfindingsfindings

disseminatingdisseminatingfindingsfindings

FaktaFakta bahwabahwa anakanak--anakanak jalananjalanan yangyang

cenderungcenderung didi--abaikanabaikan orangorang tuatuabanyakbanyak melakukanmelakukan

tindaktindak kriminalkriminal..

FaktaFakta bahwabahwa anakanak--anakanak jalananjalanan yangyang

cenderungcenderung didi--abaikanabaikan orangorang tuatuabanyakbanyak melakukanmelakukan

tindaktindak kriminalkriminal..

HubunganHubungan polapolaasuhasuh orangorang tuatua

terhadapterhadapkecenderungankecenderungan

melakukanmelakukantindaktindak kriminalkriminal..

HubunganHubungan polapolaasuhasuh orangorang tuatua

terhadapterhadapkecenderungankecenderungan

melakukanmelakukantindaktindak kriminalkriminal..

KuisionerKuisioner polapolaasuhasuh dandan

tindaktindakkriminalkriminal..

KuisionerKuisioner polapolaasuhasuh dandan

tindaktindakkriminalkriminal..

PengolahanPengolahandatadata kuisionerkuisioner

dengandenganmetodemetode

statistikastatistika..

PengolahanPengolahandatadata kuisionerkuisioner

dengandenganmetodemetode

statistikastatistika..

AdaAda korelasikorelasi positifpositifantaraantara polapola asuhasuhneglectneglect dengandengan

kecenkecen--derunganderungan meme--lakukanlakukan tindaktindak

kriminalkriminal padapada anakanakjalananjalanan..

AdaAda korelasikorelasi positifpositifantaraantara polapola asuhasuhneglectneglect dengandengan

kecenkecen--derunganderungan meme--lakukanlakukan tindaktindak

kriminalkriminal padapada anakanakjalananjalanan..

PelaporanPelaporanhasilhasil

penelitianpenelitian didijurnaljurnal ilmiahilmiah..

PelaporanPelaporanhasilhasil

penelitianpenelitian didijurnaljurnal ilmiahilmiah..


• Sample: Group of participants chosen to represent the entirepopulation under study.

• Random sample: The result of random selection (each person inpopulation has an equal and independent chance of being chosen).

• Random sample usualy being used on quantitative research.

• Qualitative research samples tend to be focused.


• Sample: Group of participants chosen to represent the entirepopulation under study.

• Random sample: The result of random selection (each person inpopulation has an equal and independent chance of being chosen).

• Random sample usualy being used on quantitative research.

• Qualitative research samples tend to be focused.



See Experience human development (12th ed.) page 401. SELF REPORTS:

Diary, Visual Reports, interview or questionnaire

2. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

3. LABORATORY OBSERVATION

4. BEHAVIORAL & PERFORMANCE MEASURES


See Experience human development (12th ed.) page 401. SELF REPORTS:

Diary, Visual Reports, interview or questionnaire

2. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

3. LABORATORY OBSERVATION

4. BEHAVIORAL & PERFORMANCE MEASURES



See Experience human development (12th ed.) page 431. Case Study: in depth study of single individual.2. Ethnographic Study: in depth study of a culture or subculture.3. Correlational Study: attempt to find positive or negative relationship

between variables.4. Experiment: Controlled procedure in which an experimenter controls the

independent variable to determine it’s effect on the dependentvariable; may be conducted in the laboratory or field.

Laboratory experiment vs field experimentControl group vs experimental groupIndependent variable vs dependent variableRandom assignment


See Experience human development (12th ed.) page 431. Case Study: in depth study of single individual.2. Ethnographic Study: in depth study of a culture or subculture.3. Correlational Study: attempt to find positive or negative relationship

between variables.4. Experiment: Controlled procedure in which an experimenter controls the

independent variable to determine it’s effect on the dependentvariable; may be conducted in the laboratory or field.

Laboratory experiment vs field experimentControl group vs experimental groupIndependent variable vs dependent variableRandom assignment



CONTOH JUDUL PENELITIAN METODEPENELITIAN

METODE PENGUM-PULAN DATA DESAIN

Hubungan konsep diri dengan penyesuaian sosial siswa kelasakselerasi di SMP X dan SMP Y.

Hubungan antara kesadaran beragama dan kematangan sosialdengan agresivitas remaja sekolah minggu X Jakarta.

Konsep diri penderita gangguan multiple personality yangmelakukan pembunuhan berantai (studi pada subjek X).

Efektivitas pemberian terapi musik untuk meningkatkanketerampilan komunikasi pada anak usia pra sekolah.


Efektivitas pemberian terapi musik untuk meningkatkanketerampilan komunikasi pada anak usia pra sekolah.

Makna hidup isteri bersuku bangsa Batak yang menikah dengansuami non-Batak.

Perbedaan pola asuh ibu rumah tangga yang tinggal di daerahperkotaan dengan ibu rumah tangga di daerah pedesaan.

Hubungan antara tingkat inteligensi dengan nilai matematika padasiswa kelas akselerasi.

Pengaruh musik klasik instrumental untuk meningkatkan kecepa-tan mengetik pada sekretaris yang telah bekerja lebih dari 5 tahun.


The most common designs used to study age-related development are:(1). Cross sectional study(2). Longitudinal study

The sequential study is intented to overcome the weakness of the other twodesigns.


The most common designs used to study age-related development are:(1). Cross sectional study(2). Longitudinal study

The sequential study is intented to overcome the weakness of the other twodesigns.



APA GUIDELINES:• Informed consent• Hindari tipu muslihat• Perlindungan dari kerusakan & kerugian martabat• Garansi kerahasiaan dan area pribadi partisipan• Hak untuk menolak atau menarik diri dari eksperimen kapan saja• Peneliti harus memperbaiki efek-efek negatif yang tidak diinginkan

(mis: kecemasan, dsb)

3 PRINCIPLES:1. Beneficencemaximize potential benefits, minimize possible harm2. Respect for participant’s autonomy3. Justice


APA GUIDELINES:• Informed consent• Hindari tipu muslihat• Perlindungan dari kerusakan & kerugian martabat• Garansi kerahasiaan dan area pribadi partisipan• Hak untuk menolak atau menarik diri dari eksperimen kapan saja• Peneliti harus memperbaiki efek-efek negatif yang tidak diinginkan

(mis: kecemasan, dsb)

3 PRINCIPLES:1. Beneficencemaximize potential benefits, minimize possible harm2. Respect for participant’s autonomy3. Justice


Theory and Research of Human Development

Documents