Review Fungsi Permintaan - arisbudi.staff.gunadarma.ac.idarisbudi.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/7130/Mikro... · • Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar • Permintaan

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. + Michael Parkin + Sumber lainnya Slide 1-1

Review Fungsi Permintaan 1. Permintaan terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan,

kesediaan, dan kemampuan. Karena itu ada permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial.

2. Mempelajari permintaan berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi konsumen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan : • Permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial • Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar • Permintaan yang elastis dan in-elastis • Perubahan jumlah yang diminta dan perubahan permintaan

4. Fungsi permintaan dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope negatif, meskipun ada yang berslope positif.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi permintaan ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).


Demand

0 2 4 6 8 10

1

2

3

4

5

6

e

d

c

b

a

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

Pri

ce (

dolla

r pe

r ta

pe)

Demand for tapes


OHT 2.4

Figure 2.1 Derivation of the market demand curve


Some Real-World Price Elasticities of Demand

Good or Service ElasticityElastic Demand

Metals 1.52Electrical engineering products 1.30Mechanical engineering products 1.30Furniture 1.26Motor vehicles 1.14Instrument engineering products 1.10Professional services 1.09Transportation services 1.03

Inelastic DemandGas, electricity, and water 0.92Oil 0.91Chemicals 0.89Beverages (all types) 0.78Clothing 0.64Tobacco 0.61Banking and insurance services 0.56Housing services 0.55Agricultural and fish products 0.42Books, magazines, and newspapers 0.34Food 0.12


A Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus a Change in Demand

Quantity

Pric

e

D1

D2

Decrease inquantitydemanded

Increase inquantitydemanded

D0

Increase in

demand

Decrease in demand


Review Fungsi Penawaran 1. Penawaran terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan,

kesediaan, dan kemampuan dari produsen untuk menyediakan barang yang diinginkan konsumen

2. Mempelajari penawaran berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi produsen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan : • Penawaran individu produsen dan penawaran pasar • Penawaran yang elastis dan in-elastis • Perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan dan perubahan penawaran

4. Fungsi penawaran dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope positif, meskipun dalam jangka panjang akan berbentuk tegak vertikal.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi penawaran juga ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).

6. Bentuk umum fungsi penawaran adalah : Qd = f ( P ) cp. Dengan hubungan yang positif Cp = Teknologi, Mesin, dll


Supply

0 2 4 6 8 10

1

2

3

4

5

6


Pri

ce (

dolla

r pe

r ta

pe)

Supply of Tapes

a

b

c

d

e


A Change in the Quantity Supplied Versus a Change in Supply

Quantity

Pri

ce S0S0 S1S2

Increase in

supply supply

Decrease in

Increase inquantitysupplied

Decrease inquantitysupplied


Market Equilibrium

0 2 4 6 8 10

1

2

3

4

5

6


Pri

ce (

dolla

r pe

r ta

pe)

Supply of tapes

Demand for tapes

Equilibrium

Shortage of 3 million tapes at $2 a tape

Surplus of2 million tapesat $4 a tape


The Effects of a Change in Demand


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1

2

3

4

5

6P

rice

(do

llar

per

tape

) Supply of tapes

Demand for tapes(Walkman $50)



The Effects of a Change in Supply

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1

2

3

4

5

6Pr

ice

(dol

lar

per

tape

)Supply of tapes(old technology)

Demand for tapes

Supply of tapes(new technology)



The Effects of an Increase in Both Demand and Supply

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pri

ce (

dolla

r pe

r ta

pe)

Supply of tapes(new technology)


Supply of tapes(old technology)


Price Slide, Rocket, and Roller Coaster


Price Slide, Rocket, and Roller Coaster


CHAPTER 11Output and Costs

Michael Parkin


Total Product, Marginal Product, and Average Product

Total Marginal Average Labor product product product (workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker)

a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16




a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16

4

6

3

2

1




a 0 0

b 1 4 4.00

c 2 10 5.00

d 3 13 4.33

e 4 15 3.75

f 5 16 3.20

4

6

3

2

1


Marginal Product

0 1 2 3 4 5Labor (workers per day)

5

10

15 TP

Out

put (

swea

ters

per

day

)


2

4

6

Mar

gina

l pro

duct

(sw

eate

rs p

er d

ay p

er w

orke

r)4

3

13

MP

c

d


Average Product


2

4

6

Ave

rage

pro

duct

& M

argi

nal p

rodu

ct(s

wea

ters

per

day

per

wor

ker)

3

4.33

AP

MP

ef

b

d

cc

Maximumaverageproduct


Total Cost CurvesTotal Totalfixed variable Totalcost cost cost

Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC)(workers (sweatersper day) per day) (dollars per day)

a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16


Total Cost Curves Total Total fixed variable Total cost cost cost


a 0 0 25

b 1 4 25

c 2 10 25

d 3 13 25

e 4 15 25

f 5 16 25




a 0 0 25 0

b 1 4 25 25

c 2 10 25 50

d 3 13 25 75

e 4 15 25 100

f 5 16 25 125




a 0 0 25 0 25

b 1 4 25 25 50

c 2 10 25 50 75

d 3 13 25 75 100

e 4 15 25 100 125

f 5 16 25 125 150


TC

TVC

Total Cost Curves

0 5 10 15Output (sweaters per day)

50

100

150

Cos

t (do

llars

per

day

)

TFC

TC = TFC + TVC


MC

ATC

AVC

AFC

Marginal Cost and Average Costs

0 5 10 15Output (sweaters per day)

5

10

15C

ost (

dolla

rs p

er s

wea

ter)

ATC = AFC + AVC


AP

MP

Product Curvesand Cost Curves

Labor

Ave

rage

pro

duct

and

mar

gina

l pro

duct

0 1.5 2.0

22

4

6

Rising MP andfalling MC:rising AP andfalling AVC

Falling MP andrising MC:rising AP andfalling AVC

Falling MP andrising MC:falling AP andrising AVC


AVC

MC

Product Curvesand Cost Curves

Labor

Ave

rage

pro

duct

and

mar

gina

l pro

duct

0 6.5 10

3

6

9

12

Maximum AP and minimum AVC

Maximum MP and minimum MC


Short-Run Costs of Four Different Plants


Long-Run Average Cost Curve

Review Fungsi Permintaan - arisbudi.staff.gunadarma.ac.idarisbudi.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/7130/Mikro... · • Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar • Permintaan

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