PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF MEN AND ... · The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Albert Bandura Perspective is the researcher here would like to know psychological influence

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PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF MEN AND ENVIRONMENT ON MARK TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURE

OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN BY ALBERT BANDURA PERSPECTIVE

Zainuddin STAI Nazhatut Thullab Sampang Email: [email protected]

Abstrak:

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn merupakan sebuah novel yang menceritakan pengalaman seorang anak dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan. Yang memotivasi peneliti adalah untuk menganalisis sisi psikologi dalam novel ini. Fokus dari penelitian ini yang pertama adalah apakah pengaruh kepribadian Huck terhadap lingkungan, kedua bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan pada perkembangan psikologi Huck, ketiga bagaimana hubungan antara Huck dan lingkungan ditinjau dari teori Reciprocal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengekplor bagaimana kepribadian Huck terhadap lingkungannya, untuk menggambarkan pengaruh lingkungan pada kepribadian Huck, dan untuk menggambarkan hubungan antara Huck dan lingkungannya dilihat dari teori reciprocal. Desain dari penelitian ini adalah diskriptif qualitatif. Pendekatan dari analisis karya sastra adalah pendekatan Psikologi. Data-datanya diambil dari novel dan beberapa referensi yang berhubungan. Untuk pengumpulan data menggunakan dokumentasi dan observasi. Proses menganalisis data dimulai dari pengurangan data, menampilan data, dan menyimpulkan data. Untuk mengetahui kevalidan data, peneliti menggunakan tehnik uraian. Hasil dari penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan beberapa bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa Huck sebagai karakter utama termasuk didalam reciprocal, Ini membuktikan bahwa beberapa pengaruh yang dialami oleh Huck Finn dapat dianalisa. Kata Kunci: Psikologi, Kepribadian, Tingkah laku

Abstract:

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a novel which tells adventure of a child in interacting with environment. These motivated the researcher to analyze psychological side in current novel. Besides, the researcher has been interesting in novel aspect since was studying Literature in lecturing. Focus of the research are the first is what is the influence of Huck’s personality on his environment, the second is how is the influence of environment to Huck’s

Zainuddin ~ Psychological Analysis 177

psychology development, and the last one how is the interrelation between Huck and his environment viewed by reciprocal theory. The objectives of study are: exploring how Huck's personality influences on his environment, to describe the influence of environment to Huck’s personality development and to describe the interrelation between Huck and his environment viewed by reciprocal theory. The design of the research is descriptive Analysis. The approach of analysis literature work is Psychological Approach. The data are taken from the novel and some references related to. For collecting data uses documents and observation. The processes of analyzing the data started from data reduction, data display, and conclusion. To know the validity of data, the researcher uses thick description technique. As the result in the research, researcher finds some proves that show Huck as the main character includes in the reciprocal. It proves that some influences which are gotten by Huckleberry Finn could be analyzed. Key Words: Psychological, Personality, Behavior

Research Context In reality, we cannot survive without other people who are in

circumstances. We need interaction with them because we need each other. Of course, it will make our life easier. It also will realize us to respect other ones without thinking who they are. We cannot reduce other dignity even we have higher position than them. Basically human has lack and gain which is graced by God although it still needs their effort to develop it. Indeed, it is difficult to prevent our good potential when we must face environment that is not relevant with our willing. So, the case becomes a heave work for us to decide the way of life. The way which we choose having different consequences. It forces us to be ready what will happen to us. In fact, when bad influence occurs in long time, it will evoke changing to individual development. The individuals are so easy to be influenced by environment. The individuals’ psychology will be not developing well when the environment is not relevant by their potentials.

Explanation above is relevant with the adventure in the novel that is experienced by some characters, those are: Huckleberry Finn, Hucks’father, and Tom Sawyer. Huck is the main character who influences and also influenced by environment. Hucks’ father and Tom Sawyer are as environment of Huck Finn.

Literature is talking about human life. Life is not a dream. People have to face reality of life. However kinds of problems

178 Kabilah Vol. 2 No. 1 Juni 2017 ~ 176-201

prevent human life. On the other hand, people will do everything to satisfy their needs and to make their life easier. When their fail or cannot solve their problem, they may become stress. Eventually, they sometimes hate themselves or other people. In this case, they may take revenge or even commit suicide.1 The phenomena cannot be denied anymore that all problem of their life will influence their psychology, and maybe it will change their behaviors.

Nowadays, psychology becomes one of the important problems. It is used by some people who study the literary works in analyzing a novel, short story, poem and movie. But it does not mean that we have to be a psychologist. We only use psychological approach as a tool of understanding about our field. In this case, the object of the research is novel.

Eventually many people think that psychology is something difficult to be discussed, whereas psychology cannot be separated from our life. They assume that psychology is not important and has little role to individual. We have to realize particularly psychological literary analysis is latter development than the other approaches. There are many kinds of indication which consider it caused, those are: the first psychological literary as if it relates only with human being as individual, it does not give the important role to individual subject, until the analysis consider narrow. The second it relates to intellectual culture, psychological theory is very limited, until the people especially scholar does not understand to psychological literary sector. The last it relates to the first and the second problems above, psychological analysis does not interest pull, especially for student’s circle which fact by little of the thesis and other written works which exploit psychological literary approach.2 Some of these reasons cause psychology approach seldom to be analyzed.

Psychological analysis is needed exactly when the culture has advanced and human beings have lost psychological control. The advance of technology has negative aspect, one of the effect is the lost of self-respect, it is as the effect of almost all hopes have changed to technology. Psychology, usually psychological analysis hopes to be able to find source psychological deviation plus with

1 Sri Hartiningsih, Introduction to Literature, (Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang, 2001), page.,1. 2 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra dari

Strukturalisme Hingga Postrukturalisme Perspective Wacana Naratif (Yogyakarta:

Pustaka Belajar, 2004), page. 341.


therapy. Besides technology, environment is also one of the causes why it happens in psychological interference.3

Related with psychological theory, the researcher chooses one among the other of familiar psychological figure that is reciprocal theory. In his theory, he said that environment and individual has influenced one to another. He considers that the individual is influenced by many kinds of environment aspects these are person, nature, and animal. But the important one and more influence to the individual behavior is person because they give an important role as environment in the world especially for social life changing, and the other way individual also can be able to influence to the environment attitude, either physical or psychological positive or negative.

Psychological analysis especially in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn apparently is good. It is not only literary work, but also psychology itself has the same discussion. Both of them use human being as the object of discussion. In the contrary, they have same object of discussion, they also have different opinion to talk about human being. Literary talks about human being as the creator of novel. It is different from psychology which talk human being as the real life or the creation of the God.

The researcher’s reason chooses the title Psychological Analysis of The Influence of Men and Environment on Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Albert Bandura Perspective is the researcher here would like to know psychological influence toward some characters in the novel entitle The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. The researcher uses the extrinsic approach of psychology. That is reciprocal. So the researcher feels that this the novel is suitable to be studied, described, analyzed, and interpreted.

Research Method Approach and Kinds of Research

The researcher will use qualitative approach as the research method that is designed to describe the data. Qualitative approach is an inquiry approach useful for exploring and understanding a central phenomenon4. The research categorized as qualitative approach because the data is presented based on study literature.

3 Ibid. page. 342 4 Jhon W Creswell, Educational Research, (Lincoln:Pearson, 2012), 626.


According to Ratna, descriptive analysis is done by describing the facts then analyzing.5

Approach is defined as the ways to come close the object.6 In literature research, there are some approaches that often is used by literature researchers, those are:7 Biographical approach Sociological approach, Psychological approach, Anthropological approach, Historical approach, Mythopoic approach, Expressive approach, Mimethic approach, Pragmatic approach, Objective approach.

In this research the researcher uses psychological approach to describe and develop the study. Psychological approach is basically related with three major trends, they are the author, literary work, and the readers, with considering that it is most related with the author and literary work. It is easy the researcher to do and focus on the thesis. The researcher chooses these approaches because this thesis studies about novel itself without relating to the author’s life, background of society or background to the work, and focuses on analysis of the influence between men and environment.

The source of the data of this research is the old novel entitled The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. It consists of 42 chapters and 242 pages. It was written by Mark Twain in 1884 and first published by Pocket Library, New York in 1955. The data quoted from the statement of the novel, which are directly concerned was the objectives of research.

The object of analysis is a novel. The object turns to be individual involved in the story. Attitude can be said as the representative of human being as they undergo some changes and developments both physically and psychologically in the context of story.

The data of this research were words, sentences, and discourse of the novel that deal with reciprocal theory of the influence between men and environment. We can see that varied nature of qualitative forms of data when they are placed into the following categories: Observations, Interviews and Questionnaires, Documents, and Audiovisual materials (Text Observation, Documentation).

Data analysis is used to formulate the data. In this research the researcher tries to analyze the data that have been collected

5 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, (Yogyakarta:

Pustaka Belajar, 2004), 53. 6 Ibid, 53. 7 Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, 55-74.


briefly. The analysis aims to get a valid which appropriates with the research problems. There some steps in doing data analysis as follows: Data Reduction, Data Display, Conclusion, Validity of data. Results The influence of Huck’s Personality on Environment I say:

“All right; but wait a minute. There's one more thing a thing that nobody don't know but me. And that is, there's a nigger here that I'm a-trying to steal out of slavery, and his name is Jim-old Miss Watson's Jim."

He says: “What! Why, Jim is” He stopped and went to studying. I say: “I know what you'll say. You'll say it's dirty, low down business; but what if it is? I'm low down; and I'm a-going to steal him, and I want you keep mum and not let on. Will you?”

His eye lit up, and he says: “I'll help you steal him!”8 The quotation above explains that Huck tells something

happened to join by mean Tom will be concerned to Jim and be ready to help him being free Jim from slavery. Tom influences and be ready to help Huck to steal Jim.

“Well, the nigger unlocked the padlock when he went in, and he locked it again when he came out. He fetched uncle a key about the time we got up from table same key, I bet. Watermelon shows man, lock shows prisoner; and it ain't likely there's two prisoners on such a little plantation, and where the people's all so kind and good. Jim's the prisoner. All right - I'm glad we found it out detective fashion; I wouldn't give shucks for any other way. Now you work your mind, and study out a plan to steal Jim, and I will study out one, too; and we'll take the one we like the best.”9

The quotation states that Huck influences Tom to look for ways to kidnap Jim. Besides, Huck also searches way himself to do it. “My plan is this,” I say. “We can easy find out if it's Jim in there. Then get up my canoe to-morrow night, and fetch my raft over from the island. Then the first dark night that comes steal the key out of the

8 Mark Twain, The adventure of Huckleberry Finn, (New York: Pocket Library, 1955), 190.

9Ibid, 195-196.


old man's britches after he goes to bed, and shove off down the river on the raft with Jim, hiding daytimes and running nights, the way me and Jim used to do before. Wouldn't that plan work?” "Work? Why, certainly it would work.” 10

Several times, Huck finds his way and persuades Tom to follow his way. I say: “Here's the ticket. This hole's big enough for Jim to get through if we wrench off the board.” Tom says: “It's as simple as tit-tat-toe, three-in-a-row, and as easy as playing hooky. I should hope we can find a way that's a little more complicated than that, Huck Finn.” “Well, then,” I says, “how'll it do to saw him out, the way I done before I was murdered that time?” “That's more like," he says. "It's real mysterious, and troublesome, and good”11

The quotation above shows Tom disagrees with Huck’s way. Then Huck suggests that his way is good.

………. Jim could a got out of that window hole before this, only there wouldn't be no use trying to travel with a ten-foot chain on his leg. Why, drat it, Tom, it's the stupidest arrangement I ever see. You got to invent all the difficulties. Well, we can't help it; we got to do the best we can with the materials we've got. Anyhow, there’s one thing-there’s more honor in getting him out through a lot of difficulties and dangers, where there warn’t on of them furnished to you by the people who it was their duty to furnish them, and you had to contrive them all out of your own head. Now look at just that one thing of the lantern. When you come down to the cold facts, we simply got to let on that a lantern’s risky. Why, we could work with a torchlight procession if we wanted to, I believe. Now, whilst I think of it, we got to hunt up something to make a saw out of, the first chance we get.’12

The quotation above states that Tom explains this way to escape Jim, but Huck disagrees it and suggests Tom look for other way.

"Why, Huck, how you talk," He says; "Jim isn’t got no use for a rope ladder."

10Ibid, 196. 11 Ibid, 197. 12 Ibid, 201.


"He has got use for it. How you talk, you better say; you don't know nothing about it. He's got to have a rope ladder; they all do, I see he says."13

Tom, you don't ever seem to want to do anything that's regular; you want to be starting something fresh all the time. Spose he don't do nothing with it? Wasn’t it there in his bed, for a clew, after he's gone? And don't you reckon they'll want clews? Of course they will. And you wouldn't leave them any? That would be a pretty howdy-do, wouldn't it! I never heard of such a thing.

"All right” Tom says.14 The quotation above shows that Huck attempts to give

suggestion to Tom rethinking the to sneak out Jim. Tom Sawyer if we go to tearing up our sheets to make Jim a

rope ladder, we're going to get into trouble with Aunt Sally, just as sure as you're born. Now the way I look at it, a hickry-bark ladder don't cost nothing, and don't waste nothing, and is just as good to load up a pie with, and hide in a straw tick, as any rag ladder you can start; and as for Jim, he wasn't had no experience, and so he don't care what kind of a__"

"Oh, shucks, Huck Finn, if I was as ignorant as you I'd keep still that's what I'd do. Who ever heard of a state prisoner escaping by a hickry-bark ladder? Why, it's perfectly ridiculous."

"Well, all right, Tom, fix it your own way; but if you’ll take my advice, you’ll let me borrow a sheet off of the clothes line."

He said that would do, and that give him another idea.15 The long quotation above shows that Huck declines Tom’s

idea and Huck conveys his idea to escape Jim. He also persuades Tom to follow his advice.

“How long will it take, Huck? “Well, we can't resk being as long as we ought to, because it

mayn't take very long for Uncle Silas to hear from down there by New Orleans. He'll hear Jim ain't from there. Then his next move will be to advertise Jim, or something like that. So we can't resk being as long digging him out as we ought to. By rights I reckon we ought to be a couple of years; but we can’t. Thing being so uncertain, what I recommend is this; what we really dig right in, as quick as we can; and after that, we can let on, to ourselves, that we was it thirty-seven years. Then we can snatch him out and rush him

13 Ibid, 202. 14 Ibid, 15 Ibid, 202-203.


away the first time there’s an alarm. Yes, I reckon that’ll be the best way”16

The quotation above shows that Huck explains clearly the best way to escape Jim based on his mind.

……. If we was to put in another night this way we'd have to knock off for a week to let our hands get well couldn't touch a case-knife with them sooner.”

“Well, then, what we going to do, Tom?” I'll tell you. It wasn't right, and it wasn't moral, and I wouldn't

like it to get out; but there weren't only just the one way: we got to dig him out with the picks, and let on it's case-knives."

"Now you're talking!" I says; "your head gets leveler and leveler all the time, Tom Sawyer," I says. ‘Picks is the thing, moral or no moral; and as for me, I don’t care shucks for the morality of it, nohow. When I start in to steal nigger, or a watermelon, or a Sunday-school book, I ain’t no ways particular how it’s done so it’s done. What I want is my nigger; or what I want is my watermelon; or what I want is Sunday-school book; and if a pick’s the handiest thing, that’s the thing I’m a going to dig that nigger or that watermelon or that Sunday-school book out with; and I don’t give a dead rat what the authorities thinks about it nuther.’17

The quotation above explains that Huck declines again Tom’s way, because according to Huck, that is not right way to escape Jim. Huck conveys his way to do it.

He had his own by him, but I handed him mine. He flung it down, and says:

‘Gimme a case-knife.’ I didn’t know just what to do-but then I though. I scratched

around amongst the old tools, and got a pick-axe and give it to him, and he took it and went to work, and never said a word. He was always just that particular. Full of principle.18

The statement shows that Huck always disagrees with Tom ideas. He always influences Tom to follow his own way. The thing for us to do is just to do our duty, and not worry about whether anybody sees us do it or not. Hain't you got no principle at all?"

"All right, I wasn't saying anything; I'm the servant girl. Who's Jim's mother?" "I'm his mother. I'll hook a gown from Aunt Sally." "Well, then, you'll have to stay in the cabin when me and Jim leaves."

16 Ibid, 205-206. 17 Ibid, 207. 18 Ibid, 207-208.


"Not much. I’ll stuff Jim’s clothes full of straw and lay it on his bed to represent his mother in disguise, and Jim’ll take the nigger woman’s gown off of me and wear it, and we’ll all evade together. When a prisoner of style escapes, it’s called an evasion. It’s always called so when a king escapes, f’rinstance. And the same with a king’s son; it don’t make no different whether he’s a natural one or an unnatural one.”19

The quotation explains that Huck want to escape Jim with disguise, while Tom asked to represent Jim’s position in the bed.

I was up stairs in a second, and down the lightning rod in another one, and shinning through the dark for the lean-to. I couldn't hardly get my words out, I was so anxious; but I told Tom as quick as I could we must jump for it now, and not a minute to lose the house full of men, yonder, with guns! "Hurry! Hurry!" I say. "Where's Jim?" "Right at your elbow; if you reach out your arm you can touch him. He's dressed, and everything's ready. Now we'll slide out and give the sheep signal." 20 The quotation above explains that their activity has been in

action. They have brought Jim escaping, but they have to avoid themselves of bullet.

………. so in they come, but couldn't see us in the dark, and most trod on us whilst we was hustling to get under the bed. But we got under all right, and out through the hole, swift but soft- Jim first, me next, and Tom last, which was according to Tom's orders. Now we was in the lean-to, and heard trampings close by outside. So we crept to the door, and Tom stopped us there and put his eye to crack, 21 The quotation above states that when they hide in the dark,

then they out through the hole one by one, and stop when Tom sees a crack.

I say: "Now, ole Jim, you're a free man again, and I bet you won't ever be a slave no more." "And a mighty good job it wuz, too, Huck. It 'uz planned

beautiful, en it 'uz done beautiful; en dey ain't nobody kin git up a plan dat's mo' mixed-up en splendid den what dat one wuz."

We were all glad as we could be, but Tom was the gladdest of all because he had a bullet in the calf of his leg. 22

19 Ibid, 225-226. 20 Ibid, 229. 21 Ibid, 230. 22 Ibid, 231.


The quotation above shows that Huck asks Jim to be not slave anymore. Huck’s Parent Influence on Huck’s Psychology

After researcher finds out individual behavior sides above, the researcher would like to find out the environment that influence to the individual attitude. Parent is the first aspect that influence to the individual, stated by Albert Bandura's theory. In the novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn’s father is mentioned Pap. He is one of characters in the novel that describes as the environment side that has a great effect to Huck Finn's attitude and personality change to main character Huck Finn, that is to make him to run away from his father's monitor to be free, because his father always beats him brutally which finally compels Huck Finn to escape from the clutches of his drunken father. He makes a plan whereby it would appear that he has been a murder and then goes to Jackson Island to hide.

The negative child’s action is one of the many causes of the parent model attitude. Save Dagun states that a father in every attitude and expression influences child. Thus, being parent is not about who we are, but what we have done. Parent’s attention is not only aggression but also operate child behavior to be well. There are many statements, related with Huck's father effects, which are stated in the novel. Some of them are:

Pap he hadn't been seen for more than a year and that was comfortable for me; I didn't want to see him no more. He used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me; though I used to take to the woods most of the time when he was around. Well, about this time he was found in the river drowned, about twelve mile above town, so people said. They judged it was him, anyway; said this drowned man was just his size, and was ragged, and had uncommon long hair-which was all like pap-but they couldn’t make nothing out the face, because it had been in the water so long it warn’t much like a face at all. They said he was floating on his back in water. They took him and buried him on the bank.23 The quotation above explains that Huck dislikes father’s

action. Moreover, father’s Huck often hit him. …………… but I warn't comfortable long, because I happened to think of something. I knew mighty well that a drowned man don't float on his back, but on his face. So I knew, then, that

23 Ibid, 12.


this weren't pap, but a woman dressed up in a man's clothes. So I was uncomfortable again. I judged the old man would turn up again by and by, though I wished he wouldn't.24 The quotation above states that Huck is uncomfortable when

his father is drown. I had shut the door to. Then I turned around, and there he was. I used to be scared of him all the time, he tanned me so much. I reckoned I was scared now, too; but in a minute I see I was mistaken-that is, after the first jolt, as you may say, when my breath sort of hitched, he being so unexpected; but right away after I see I wasn't scared of him worth bothering about.25 The quotation shows when Huck tanned by his father. It

causes him scare to father. ‘I hain’t got only a dollar, and I want hat to_’ ‘It don’t make no difference what you want it for---you just shell it out.’ He took it and bit it to see if it was good, and then he said he was going down town to get some whiskey.26 The quotation above states that Huck forced to searched

dollar for his father. Then, the dollars brought to down town to get some whiskey.

…… and when I reckoned he was gone, he come back and put his head in again, and told me to mind about that school, because he was going to lay for me and lick me if I didn't drop that.27 The quotation above shows that Huck reckons about his

father telling him about school. ……He said he'd cowhide me till I was black and blue if I didn't raise some money for him. I borrowed three dollars from Judge Thatcher, and pap took it and got drunk, and went a-blowing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on; and he kept it up all over town, with a tin pan, till most midnight; then they jailed him, and next day they had him before court, and jailed him again for a week. But he said he was satisfied; said he was boss of his son, and he’d make it warm for him.28

24 Ibid, 25 Ibid, 17. 26 Ibid, 19. 27 Ibid, 28 Ibid, 20.


The quotation states that when Huck cannot raise some money. His father will beat him till black and blue. Therefore, Huck must borrow three dollars to Judge Thatcher.

Well, pretty soon the old man was up and around again, and then he went for Judge Thatcher in the courts to make him give up that money, and he went for me, too, for stopping school. He caught me a couple of times and thrashed me, but I went to school just the same, and dodged him or outrun him most of the time. I didn't want to go to school much before, but I reckoned I'd go now to spite pap. So every now and then I'd borrow two or three dollars off of the judge for him, to keep from getting a cowhiding.29 The quotation above states that fathers’ Huck ask Huck to

stop school. So, Huck must hide going to school, and every time Huck borrows money in order to keep from cowhiding.

………… every little while he locked me in and went down to the store, three miles, to the ferry, and traded fish and game for whisky, and fetched it home and got drunk and had a good time, and licked me.30 The quotation states that father’s Huck crueler and crueler to

him. But by and by pap got too handy with his hickory, and I couldn't stand it. I was all over welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome. I judged he had got drowned, and I wasn't ever going to get out any more. I was scared. I made up my mind I would fix up some way to leave there. I had tried to get out of that cabin many a time, but I couldn't find no way.31 The quotation above states that father’s Huck leaves him in

three days. So, Huck has a plan to escape from cabin. By and by he rolled out and jumped up on his feet looking wild and he see me and went for me. He chased me round and round the place with a clasp- knife, and saying he would kill me, and then I couldn't come for him no more. I begged, and told him I was only Huck; but he laughed such a screechy laugh, and roared and cussed, and kept on chasing me up. Once when I turned short and dodged under his arm he made a grab and got me by the jacket between my shoulders, and I thought I was gone; but I slid out of the jacket quick as lightning, and saved

29 Ibid, 21. 30 Ibid, 22. 31 Ibid,


myself. Pretty soon he was all tired out, and dropped down with his back against the door, and said he would rest a minute and then kill me. He put his knife under him, and said he would sleep and get strong, and then he would see who was who. So he dozed off, pretty soon. By and by I got the old split bottom chair and climb up, as easy as I could, not to make any noise, and got down the gun. I slipped the ramrod down it to make sure it was loaded, and then I laid it across the turnip barrel, pointing towards pap, and set down behind it to wait for him to stir. And how slow and still the time did drag along.32 The quotation above explains that father’s Huck run after

Huck by knife in his hand, and kill him. Even, the attempt is not successful.

‘Git up! What you ‘bout!’ I opened my eyes and looked around, trying to make out where I was. It was after sun-up, and I had been sound asleep. Pap was standing over me, looking sour-and sick, too. He says- ‘What you doin’ with this gun?’ I judged he didn’t know nothing about what he had been doing, so I say: ‘Somebody tried to get in, so I was laying for him.’ ‘Why didn’t you roust me out?’ ‘Well I tried to, but I couldn’t; I couldn’t budge you.’ ‘Well, all right. Don’t stand there palavering all day, but out with you and see if there’s a fish on the lines for breakfast. I’ll be along in a minutes.’ He unlocked the door and I cleared out, up the river bank.33 The quotation above shows when Huck wants to escape from

the cabin. His father gets up from asleep, and asking about gun in his hand. Then, his father asks him to search fish for breakfast.

I went along up the bank with one eye out for pap and ‘tother one out for what the rise might fetch along. Well, all at once, here comes a canoe; just a beauty, too, about thirteen or fourteen foot long, riding high like a duck.34 The quotation states that Huck feel confused with one eyes

out. I went up and set down on a log at the head of the island and looked out on to big river and the black driftwood, and away

32 Ibid, 26. 33 Ibid, 27. 34 Ibid,


over to town, three miles away, where was three or four lights twinkling.35 The quotation above shows that Huck decides to escape to town.

Tom Sawyer’s influence on Huck’s Psychology After finding out the first environment aspect which

influences to the individual attitude above, here the researcher would like to find out the second environment aspect which effect to the individual attitude that is his close friend, Tom Sawyer in the novel is described as a friend who has great influence to Huck Finn’s attitude that is to persuade, to ask, and to threat Huck Finn to follow his band of robber. Tom Sawyer is Huck Finn's best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure. He serves as a foil to Huck Finn, He also wants things to be exactly as they are in the adventure books he reads, and he uses the books as a guide describing the correct ways to steal, rob, and kidnap. He has many romantic ideas, including founding a gang of robbers. The gang will be run exactly as they are in the adventure books. They will rob, steal, and even murder, because that is what the books say they do. There are many statements, related to Tom Sawyer influences which are stated in the novel. Some of them are:

But Tom Sawyer, he hunts me up and said that he is going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back. 36 The quotation above, it is obvious that Tom influences Huck

to join with his gang. …..Tom made everybody swear to keep the secret, and then showed them a hole in the hill, right in the thickest part of the bushes.37 ….Tom says: "Now, we'll start this band of robbers and call it Tom Sawyer's Gang. Everybody has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood." 38 ……so Tom got out a sheet of paper that he had wrote the oath on, and read it. It swore every boy to faithful to the band, and never tell any of the secrets; and if anybody told anything to any boy, he must have his throat cut, and then have his carcass burnt up and the ashes scattered all around, and his name

35 Ibid, 32. 36 Ibid, 3. 37 Ibid, 8. 38 Ibid,


blotted off of the list with blood and never mentioned again by the gang, but have a curse put on it and be forgot forever.39 The quotation above states that Tom swears all members of

gang including Huck by written in a sheet of paper. Some thought it would be good to kill the families of boys that

told the secrets. Tom said it was a good idea, so he took a pencil and wrote it in. Then Ben Rogers says:

"Here's Huck Finn, he hasn't got no family; what you going to do 'bout him?" "Well, hasn't he got a father?" says Tom Sawyer. "Yes, he's got a father, but you can't find him these days. He used to lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard, but he hasn't been seen in these parts for a year or more." They talked it over, ….and they was going to rule me out, because they said every boy must have a family or somebody to kill, or else it wouldn't be fair and square for the others. Well, nobody could think of anything to do- everybody was stumped, and set still. I was most ready to cry; but all at once I thought of a way, and so I offered them Miss Watson they could kill her. Tom said: "Oh, she'll do. That's all right. Huck can come here.40 The quotation states that in the swearing, all members who

do not keep the secret have to be killed their family. But Huck does not have parents. So, Miss Watson replaces it.

…….so they all made fun of me, and called me cry- baby, and that made me mad, and I said I would go straight and tell all the secrets. But Tom give me five cents to keep quiet, and said we would all go home and meet next week, and rob somebody and kill some people.41

The quotation states that Tom gives some money to Huck to be quiet. Discussion The influences of Huck’s Personality on Environment

In the chapter 33 of The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn page 190 shows that after Huck met with his close friend Tom Sawyer, he really asks Tom sawyer to help him to steal Jim in Tom sawyer’s uncle house, he also knows that his act is wrong, and it is not available to Tom Sawyer. Actually Tom Sawyer does not consider

39 Ibid, 40 Ibid, 8-9. 41 Ibid, 10.


first what he would do is true or wrong. He just thinks that he would do whatever his friend “Huck Finn” wants. Then finally Tom Sawyer would help him to steal Jim from his uncle’s house. According stated of Bandura’s theory, the interaction between individual and environment would have negative effect for each other one and it is showed by Huck that he asks Tom Sawyer to steal Jim.

When in Silas’ uncle house, Huck Finn influences Tom Sawyer by some suspicious. It is showed in chapter 34, page 195-196 of Mark Twain’s novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn shows the negative ask influence faced by Huck to his environment as the main character. He is suspicious of nigger who lives in Silas’ uncle house, because the nigger brings food and key. It means there is someone that needs it. While the key shows someone that arrested. It makes Huck suspicion that Jim is endured. Because of Huck Finn’s suspicion, then he really persuades and asks Tom to make strategy and the result take the best one. It is showed by Huck Finn’s statement “Now you work your mind, and study out a plan to steal Jim, and I will study out one, too; and we'll take the one we like the best.” That statement proves that Huck Finn influences to environment. Tom Sawyer is really strong to influence it.

After Huck Finn’s suspicious, he persuades Tom Sawyer to think and to do a plan in stealing Jim. He prepares well before with Tom Sawyer. It is proved by statement in page 196. The text shows that Tom really wantes to help Huck to steal Jim. It is indicated that the individual asking influences which stated by Bandura is. It shows that Huck makes many strategies, in which all his strategies are negative effect, although Huck’s strategy makes him impossible run, but from some his strategies that he makes, Tom agrees them. They are finding out Jim first, took the canoe at night, and the last one is stole Silas’ key.

Huck Finn asking influences continue to the environment. He feels that he is easy to do it with Tom Sawyer helping. It is supported in paragraph of page 197. Actually in the paragraph describes that Tom has some strategies to steal Jim from his employer. According to Huck, it is too easy. It can do it in making strategies that are an obstacle in asking help Tom Sawyer. So, Tom Sawyer makes a deal with Huck Finn’s urge. Stated Bandura’s theory that is the individual able to influence to the environment. The statement above shows that Tom gives strategy to take out Jim from prison. But according to Huck his strategy is easier and he asks more crucial strategy. Then Tom agrees with Huck’s strategy. This situation can be said as interaction of Huck Finn interacts to


the environment, suitable of Gerungan. Interaction is a reciprocal relationship interplay between individuals, groups or the environment. The main character, Huck Finn interacts directly to Tom Sawyer. It is also supported in paragraph page 201 of chapter 35 in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.

In Line 6 of page 201 shows that Jim really escapes easily, but in Huck’s strategy is easier and isn’t challenge. So, he asks Tom to make the strategy as they have and operate it although trough a lot of difficulties and dangers. The narrator, Huck Finn states to Tom Sawyer that he must contrive the strategies all out of his own head. The statement is real that Huck Finn influences Tom Sawyer to think hard how to steal Jim. In kinds of interaction, what Huck Finn does to influence Tom Sawyer including in “suggestion”. Gerungan states that sugestion is someone give view or attitude from themselves then received by the environment.

Another Huck Finn’s suggestion can be supported in the following paragraph page 202. The dialogues between Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer show that Tom Sawyer disagrees with the strategy that is made by Huck. However Huck said that Tom is better obey of Huck Finn’s idea. And then Tom agrees with Huck Finn’s planning.

Actually, in making strategies between Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer often make different ideas and decisions, but the final decisions are in Huck Finn’s hand. Tom Sawyer always follows what Huck Finn says. Another statement that shows different idea is supported in paragraph page 202 again. In the last paragraph of the page shows that Huck regret of Tom’s strategy. Although Tom deviates from Huck strategy, but the final, Tom goes along with Huck’s tactic. The messages of the events are Tom Sawyer often complaints to Huck Finn suggestion and idea in making strategies, but Tom Sawyer cannot stand to his statement, although Tom Sawyer has stubborn character. According to reciprocal theory by Albert Bandura that individual gives negative effect to the environment. Here is Tom Sawyer is as environment of Huck Finn.

In reciprocal theory is also influence environment to the individual. It can be found in last line of the paragraph page 202 and the beginning of paragraph page 203 in chapter 35 shows that Tom makes strategy, but he is afraid that his strategy found out by his Aunt Sally. Then he offers other strategy to Huck in order to take of him. But according to Huck all of strategy is impossible. Then Tom submits strategy on Huck Finn. Huck is as main character has important role on environment. His individual personality gives many influences to environment, and it is proved


by the italic words in line 7 of page 203 The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn that Huck Finn gives advice to Tom Sawyer to follow his way. Then Tom Sawyer said that he would do it. It is clear that Huck Finn asking effect influences to his environment. It is his friend, Tom Sawyer.

Researcher is also finding about Tom Sawyer who always respects to Huck Finn’s advising in the last paragraph of page 205 to 206, the statement shows that Tom is afraid because he digs land to help Jim’s escape. Then Huck asks him to do quickly in order to Silas Jim’s employer does not know that Jim is not from New Orleans and everything would happen. The personality development of Huck Finn continues and changes to the individual environment over time.

Continuing to chapter 36 entitle ‘Dark, Deep-laid plans’ in page 207 the researcher finds a prove that Huck Finn’s personality development can influence to the environment. In the paragraph shows that Tom Sawyer’s beefing, not endures with his situation, and asks a question to Huck what they are going to do. Actually Huck Finn does not want to defer with this situation that he passes with Tom Sawyer in way to steal Jim. The italic words are proved that Huck Finn is beefing to Tom Sawyer because he does not match with his way, but after Huck Finn gives a strategy to Tom Sawyer. Then Tom follows his strategy. It is supported on the following paragraph on page 208. The paragraph describes that the influences of Huck Finn asking effect does not stop of hand. Other asking influences can be found in some statements. Press pressure of Huck Finn to Tom Sawyer as his friendship continuing.

The researcher also finds the other supporting statement in chapter 39 of page 225 to 226. In the paragraph shows that Huck asks Tom in order to follow Huck’s instruction and does not care of other someone else. So, Tom obeys to Huck’s instruction that is. He makes undercover become Jim’s mother. The researcher finds the influence of Huck Finn personality on environment developing fast. Huck Finn’s planning is to steal Jim who is helped by Tom Sawyer almost successes.

Working for Jim’s final escape continues and the final getaway is planned for the night. It is supported by a paragraph page 229 of chapter 40. The paragraph shows that Huck Finn is afraid and hurried to ask Tom Sawyer to take Jim escape from his slavery. Huck calls him more than one time and then Tom Sawyer answers that Jim is right at Huck’s elbow.. They do it at night. The italic proves it. The statement also describes that between Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer do the planning to steal Jim to escape from his slavery


cohesively. The last italic words proves it that they works their planning cohesively. In fact, all they have planed not only run well but also many problems and obstacles that they face, but they could pass it.

It is still on chapter 40 about Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer’s planning to escape Jim to run away from his slavery. The first paragraph of page 230 shows that they are trying to help Jim to run away from his slavery. Tom and Jim get away through the tunnel they have dug. Although Somebody in Silas’ house almost finds them but they are successes taking Jim. Those are an effect of Huck’ asking strategies. According of the paragraph above proves that Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer tell to the readers that way to escape Jim from Silas. The last proving of successful of escaping Jim can be found on the following paragraph page 231.

The statement on page 231 line 4 up to 10 shows that they are talking about the difficulties of planning and strategies that they make to steal Jim. They have saved Jim from his slavery. The italic words state that they have been success to save Jim and the strategies have been planned well. The quotation “a mighty good job it wuz, too, Huck”, it means that Huck Finn who has a source of the idea to persuade Tom Sawyer in stealing Jim. In the last sentence states that Tom Sawyer gets shot in the leg when he would escape Jim but he has a bullet in the calf of his leg, but he feels happy because he can take Jim out.

From the descriptions of Huck Finn’s personality development above are able to be gotten some influences of Huck Finn’s personality effect on his environment suitable of statements of problem on the first chapter. Researcher finds many statements that related to them on the novel The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Huck’s Parent influences on Huck’s Psychology

The statement of the first line in the chapter 3 of The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, page 12 shows that Huck Finn unconformable if his father appears in Huck Finn's life, because his father always drubs him when he is aware from his alcoholic drunk. Although Huck Finn tries avoiding him, but his father always drubs him. Pap’s attention to Huck Finn is less. Actually, a child need father’s attentions to make a good personality. Nevertheless, it is not belong to Huck Finn’s father’s characteristics. It makes Huck Finn does not endure at home. Then, when people said that his father is sinking on the river. They guess that he is sinking on the river by untidy body because of drinking whiskey by floating on


his back in the water, but Huck Finn ignores it. He feels that his father is not important being with him in their whole life, because his father never stays at home. He also never takes care of Huck Finn as his son. This situation makes a child is not comfortable with his own home and father, because he feels that no one cares of him. Here the influence of environment to Huck Finn personality development can be seen.

In the same chapter, the last line of paragraph in page 12 that describes about Huck Finn’s father. People report to Huck Finn that someone who sinking on the river is not his father. Hearing this information, Huck Finn feels uncomfortable anymore, because his father used to hit and anything would happen if his father saw him. Moreover families are still considered to be the fundamental units of parent and perhaps the oldest and most important of all human institutions, but Huck Finn’s father cannot be a part of a good family that can educate his kids. Huck Finn always dreams about his father who can be his life part in the family when he needs father’s advice, but he cannot be.

Uncomfortable feeling of Huck Finn to his father also is supported on chapter 5 page 17 in the first paragraph. The statement shows that Huck shocks and scares when he meets his father. Whereas Huck has not hoped him appear in his live, because his father used to hit him too much. In fact, the closeness between parents and child are having a meaning. Therefore, the quality and quantity of meetings between family members are needs to be increased by the purpose to build the integrity of parent and child behavior. A real parent should give high attention to their children, whereas his father acts his son as servant.

In page 19 of third paragraph, describes about what Huck Finn’s father is doing, he does not care to his son. In all day, he just thinks drinking some whiskey. The italic words proves what Huck Finn said to the readers that his father is leaving his home to go the town just to intend buying some whiskey. A great influence of his father to Huck Finn individual’s personality has given bad influences to Huck Finn’s personality development.

In the last paragraph of page 19 shows that Huck Finn wants his father is not at home, but it does not match with his want. Huck Finn feels jittery if his father is at home. Pap does not want Huck Finn to go to school, because it would spend out much money. His father sometimes asks Huck Finn to get money and give it to his father. He does not care where he would be able to get it from. Huck Finn’s father’s pressure can make his son doing negative effect.


In The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn page 20, at the second paragraph shows that Huck's father threat and would hit him if he would not get more money. It makes him effort borrow money from Judge Thatcher in order to avoid Father's habitual, but after he gets more money from Huck. He takes for drinking and walking around the town. The appearance of Huck Finn’s father faces many challenges to his life. The lack of understanding of the new judge when Pap refuses to take a child is an example of how society influences to change the individual personality.

The researcher finds the effect of Huck Finn’s father to Huck Finn’s personality development in chapter 6 pages 21, at the first paragraph shows that after Huck's father catches Huck, when he drubs, and threatens him to stop from his school. Pap, however, continues to beat him and even locks him up in a cabin in the woods every time he has to leave town. It makes Huck thinks, dodge, and run away from Huck's father even Huck has to borrow some money from Judge Thatcher in order to keep from Huck's father usual.

Page 22, first paragraph in line four explains that after Huck Finn’s father locks Huck Finn in old cabin. He has not opportunity to run away from his father even Huck Finn’s father could not stop from his bad usual that drinking much whiskey. Then he drubs Huck Finn again after he has drinks the alcohol. His father does it not only once but also many times, it is supported on third paragraph in page 22 explains that Huck's father made him is not endured because he drubs him more than once. It always happens until Huck's body over welt. It means that Huck Finn has been drubbed many times. The italic of sentences above describes it. Even he always is left alone, locks him, and goes three days. Huck Finn could not get out, he feels scare. He fails to run away when he would try to get out of the cabin many times. This situation indicates that Huck Finn feels dreadful depressing. But he never stops to get out from his home to leave his father.

Some ways of Huck Finn in trying to get out from his home are supported on seventeenth paragraph page 26. The situations of the paragraph are Huck Finn’s struggles to get out from his father. He is locked in the cabin, but he tries to jump up to go away. He has not been success yet. Because, after his father returns from town. He is so drunk that he almost kills Huck Finn. He tries to beg him that he is Huck, His son but his father laugh. Then Huck Finn struggles to dodge his father. The last his father is tired and said that he would sleep moment. After that he would kill him again. When his father is sleep, Huck Finn tries and struggles again to get


out from his killer father who locks him in cabin and he wants to run away from his house. Huck Finn tries to walk slowly without making noise. Huck Finn’s struggles are not successful yet. He is sleep over the cabin by holding a gun.

Chapter 7 page 27, the researcher finds the conversation quotations states that Huck Finn is over asleep when he would try to get out from his house. The italic words prove it. His father is standing him when he gets up in the morning, but his father does not realize what he has done to Huck Finn when he would kill his own son. When his father asks to him what happened at last night. He said that someone would try to get in. Finally, his father asks Huck Finn to go river to look for a fish for breakfast. Then his father unlocks the door. Huck Finn goes out to the river. In his mind, it’s the time to be free from his father. Then Huck Finn goes out to the river, on the way he has planning to run away from his father. He discovers a canoe and looks for a place to hide. He does it all because of his father’s threaten.

In the last paragraph of chapter 7, page 32 explains that Huck Finn has hidden in an island. He states that he begins to prefer the freedom of the wilds to the restrictions of “civilized” society. However, this freedom is curbed by his father’s waywardness and drunkenness which begin to threaten his own life. Therefore, Escape is not a question of choice but of necessity. So that Huck Finn’s experiences while living with his father are harrowing. Tom Sawyer’s Influences on Huck’s Psychology

In the first chapter, page 3 shows that Huck wants to run away from his widow when he does not feel comfortable at home anymore, because his widow always angry. But Tom Sawyer persuades him to join making a band of robber. If he is back to his widow, he has to have respectable. Then he is back and follows to Tom Sawyer's band of robber. Before joining to his gang, he has to make a promise that he would follow what Tom Sawyer and his gang’s dealing. Here Tom Sawyer is as head of robbery had an important role in managing the gang.

The influences of Tom Sawyer to Huck Finn’s personality development can be found in page 8. Tom Sawyer’s statement explains that he makes a promise to be said by all of members of gang include Huck Finn. He asks them to swear to keep the secret of aiming of the gang. Tom Sawyer shows a hole in the hill where a place to their meeting and hiding of the gang. To reinforce of Tom Sawyer and his member of gang not to break their promise in joining it. He starts and asks them to write their name in blood.


Tom Sawyer also asks all his band of robbers swear to keep secret from someone else. He calls his band of robber with the name (Tom Sawyer's Gang) and asks his member oaths and writes name in blood. By these oaths indicate that all his member of band of robber loyalty each other.

In the chapter 2 of tenth paragraph of first line, page 8 Tom asks everybody band of robber has to keep secrets from someone else and has royalty to the gang. He also threatens everybody who breaking the law and ordering has to get out from his band of robber. He also has to be cut his throat and burnt up his carcass. Not only like that, has many things has to be gotten by somebody who breaks his promise.

The statement of the last paragraph shows that Huck Finn is threaten by his member, even he would cry because his member makes agreement that is everybody has family to be kill if one another leaks the secrets and these agreement is agreed by Tom Sawyer. While some of parents include his father have not been seen in these parts for a year or more, because his father always alcoholic drink. Finally Huck chooses Miss Watson as substitute of his parent to be fair each other. Miss Watson is Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell. So whatever, if Huck Finn breaks his promise, the gang would kill her as closer family. It has been deal by all members of gang. So, Huck Finn could join the gang of robber.

The last finding of the influence Tom Sawyer to Huck Finn’s personality development is supported on page 10 of eighth paragraph shows that all Huck Finn's friends are very happy with band of robber that made by Tom Sawyer. It is different from Huck Finn. He is angry, would go home, and wants to leak these activities. But Tom Sawyer hopes that he would not tell to someone else, even he persuades to give Huck Finn a lot of money in order to keep quite. By a lot of money that is received from Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn would join the next meeting of Tom Sawyer's band of robber.

The explanation of the last finding above approves that the influence of environment to Huck Finn’s personality development is very forceful. Therefore the theory of reciprocal is proven in the novel of The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.


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