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Pertemuan 14 - Kemiskinan 1

Jun 04, 2018

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    KEMISKINAN

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    KONSEP

    Suparlan (1995: xi)

    Kemiskinan adalah suatu standar

    hidup yang rendah, yaitu adanya suatutingkat kekurangan materi padasejumlah atau golongan orang

    dibandingkan standar kehidupanumum yang berlaku dalam masyarakatbersangkutan

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    KONSEP

    Setyawan (2001: 120)Kemiskinan adalah adanya gap antara nilai-nilaiyang diakumulasikan dengan pemenuhan akan

    nilai-nilai tersebut secara layak.

    Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional(1993: 3)

    Kemiskinan adalah Situasi serba kekuranganyang terjadi bukan karena dikehendaki oleh simiskin, melainkan karena tidak dapat dihindaridengan kekuatan apa adanya

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    KONSEP

    Chambers

    Ada 5 ketidakberuntungan yg melingkari

    kehidupan orang atau keluarga miskin, yaitu:1.kemiskinan (poverty)

    2.Fisik yang lemah (physical weakness)

    3.

    Kerentanan (vulnerability)4.Keterisolasian (isolation)

    5.Ketidakberdayaan (powerlessness)

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    KONSEP

    UN Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not

    being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to

    school and not knowing how toread.

    Poverty is not having a job, isfear for the future, living one dayat a time.

    Poverty is losing a child toillness brought about by uncleanwater.

    Poverty is powerlessness, lackof representation and freedom.

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    Measuring Poverty

    A common method used to measure poverty isbased on incomes or consumption levels.

    A person is considered poor if his or herconsumption or income level falls below someminimum level necessary to meet basic needs.

    This minimum level is usually called the"poverty line". What is necessary to satisfybasic needs varies across time and societies.

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    Measuring Poverty

    Therefore, poverty lines vary in time andplace, and each country uses lines whichare appropriate to its level of

    development, societal norms and values.

    Information on consumption and income

    is obtained through sample surveys, withwhich households are asked to answerdetailed questions on their spendinghabits and sources of income.

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    Measuring poverty at the global level

    the World Bank uses reference lines set at $1.25 and $2per day (2005 Purchasing Power Parity terms).

    New poverty estimates released in August 2008 show

    that about 1.4 billion people in the developing world(one in four) were living on less than $1.25 a day in2005, down from 1.9 billion (one in two) in 1981.

    The new international poverty line of $1.25 a day at2005 prices is the mean of the national poverty lines forthe 10-20 poorest countries of the world.

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    Measuring poverty at the global level

    Poverty in East Asiathe worlds poorest region in1981has fallen from nearly 80 percent of thepopulation living on less than $1.25 a day in 1981 to 18percent in 2005 (about 340 million), largely owing to

    dramatic progress in poverty reduction in China.

    Between 1981 and 2005, the number of people inpoverty has fallen by around 600 million in China alone.

    In the developing world outside China, the poverty ratehas fallen from 40 to 29 percent over 1981-2005,although the total number of poor has remainedunchanged at around 1.2 billion

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    To compute a poverty measure, three ingredients areneeded:

    One has to define the relevant welfaremeasure.

    One has to select a poverty linethat is athreshold below which a given household orindividual will be classified as poor.

    One has to select a poverty indicatorwhichis used for reporting for the population as awhole or for a population sub-group only.

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    PENYEBAB KEMISKINAN

    Kuncoro (2000: 107):

    Secara mikro kemiskinan minimal karena adanyaketidaksamaan pola kepemilikan sumber daya yang

    menimbulkan distribusi pendapatan yang timpang

    Kemiskinan muncul akibat perbedaan dalamkualitas sumber daya manusia

    Kemiskinan muncul akibat perbedaan akses dalammodal