PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH …eprints.umm.ac.id/23177/1/jiptummpp-gdl-ramadhanay-42443-1... · Jurnal ethnofarmakologi 13, ... PROLIFERASI LIMFOSIT T DAN VIABILITAS SEL

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale

var. rubrum) TERHADAP NEKROSIS KORTEKS SEREBELLUM TIKUS

PUTIH (Rattus Norvegicus) YANG DIINDUKSI OLEH MONOSODIUM

GLUTAMAT (MSG)

Oleh :

RAMADHANA YUDHA PERKASA

201110330311008

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2015

ii

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum wr.wb

Alhamdulillahirrabil’alamin, segala puji hanya bagi Allah SWT yang telah

memberi petunjuk dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Karya

Tulis Akhir dengan judul “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Jahe Merah (Zingiber

officinale var. rubrum) Terhadap Nekrosis Korteks Serebellum Tikus Putih (Rattus

Norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Oleh Monosodium Glutamat (MSG)”. Shalawat dan

salam senantiasa tercurahkan pada junjungan Rasulullah Muhammad SAW yang

telah membimbing umat manusia dari zaman gelap menuju jalan yang terang

benderang yakni agama Islam.

Pada Penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini, penulis banyak mendapatkan

bimbingan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu dalam kesempatan ini

penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada:

1. dr. Irma Suswati, M. Kes. selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

2. dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp.OG. selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. dr. Rahayu, Sp.S. selaku Pembantu Dekan II Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang dan selaku selaku dosen pembimbing

I yang telah meluangkan waktu serta banyak memberikan masukan dan

dukungan demi kesempurnaan penelitian ini sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat

terselesaikan..

4. dr. Iwan Sis Indrawanto, Sp.KJ. selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

iii

5. dr. Bambang Widianto Sp. OT. selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah

meluangkan waktu serta banyak memberikan masukan dan dukungan demi

kesempurnaan penelitian ini sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat terselesaikan.

6. dr. Yudityarini Priyanto, Sp.S. selaku dosen penguji yang telah memberi

tambahan ilmu dan kritik demi kesempurnaan penelitian ini.

7. Semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan Karya Tulis Akhir

ini, penulis ucapkan terima kasih.

Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh

karena itu Penulis membuka diri untuk segala saran dan kritik yang membangun,

serta Penulis mengharapkan agar Karya Tulis Akhir ini dapat berguna serta

bermanfaat.

Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb

Malang, 21 Agustus 2015

Penulis

iv

v

vi

DAFTAR ISI

JUDUL............................................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN................................................................................ ii

KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................ iv

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH.............................................................................. vi

ABSTRAK........................................................................................................ viii

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN..................................................................................... xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN....................................................................................... xvii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang……………………………............................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah……………………….................................. 5

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian…………………………………………….... 5

1.3.1 Tujuan umum………………………………………...... 5

1.3.2 Tujuan khusus………………………………………..... 5

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian…………………………………………...... 6

1.4.1 Klinis…………………………………………............... 6

1.4.2 Akademik…………………………………………….... 6

1.4.3 Masyarakat……………………………………….......... 7

vii

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA………………………………………........... 8

2.1 Serebellum................................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Anatomi Dan Histologi Serebellum…………........…... 8

2.1.2 Fisiologi Serebellum …………………………….......... 14

2.1.2.1 Fungsi Vestibulo Serebellum............................ 15

2.1.2.2 Fungsi Spinoserebellum……............................. 15

2.1.2.3 Fungsi Serebroserebellum…............................. 15

2.1.3 Mekanisme Korteks Serebellum…..................................16

2.1.4 Serabut-Serabut Aferen Dan Efferen serebelum…......... 18

2.2 Monosodium Glutamat ……………………………….............. 21

2.2.1 Glutamat Dalam Tubuh Manusia ……………............... 24

2.2.2 Pengaruh MSG pada Otak …………………………...... 25

2.3 Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum)…………............. 30

2.3.1 Klasifikasi Jahe Merah (Zingber officinale var.

Rubrum)…...................................................................... 31

2.3.2 Deskripsi Tanaman ………………………..................... 31

2.3.3 Morfologi Tanaman …………………………............... 33

2.3.4 Kandungan Kimia Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var.

Rubrum) ……….............................................................. 35

2.3.5. Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Sebagai

Neuroprotektan………………….................................... 40

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN..... 44

3.1 Kerangka Konsep…………………………………………….... 44

3.2 Uraian Kerangka Konsep…………………………………….... 45

viii

3.3 Hipotesis……………………………………………………...... 48

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN…………………………………………..... 49

4.1 Rancangan Penelitian……………….………………………..... 49

4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian……………………………....... 49

4.3 Popilasi Dan Karakteristik Penelitian ……………………....... 50

4.3.1 Populasi………………………………………………... 50

4.3.2 Sampel………………………………………………..... 50

4.3.3 Tehnik Pengambian Sampel Dan Jumlah Sampel........... 50

4.3.4 Karakteristik sampel penelitian………………………... 50

4.3.5 Identifikasi Variabel penelitian………………………... 52

4.3.5.1 Variabel bebas……………………………….. 52

4.3.5.2 Variabel tergantung………………………….. 52

4.3.5.3 Variabel kontrol……………………………... 52

4.3.5.4 Definisi operasional…………………………. 53

4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian……………………………………. 54

4.4.1 Alat................................................................................... 54

4.4.2 Bahan............................................................................. 55

4.5 Prosedur Penelitian…………………………………………… 56

4.5.1 Proses Adaptasi………………………………………. 56

4.5.2 Penentuan Dosis…………………………………….... 56

4.5.3 Percobaan...................................................................... 57

4.5.4 Skema Dan Alur Penelitian........................................... 57

4.6 Analisa Data…………………………………………………. 61

ix

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANLISIS DATA

5.1 Hasil Penelitian......................................................................... 62

5.2 Anilis Data................................................................................ 65

5.2.1 Uji Asumsi Data............................................................ 65

5.2.2 Analisis One Way ANOVA.......................................... 67

5.2.3 Uji Korelasi Pearson..................................................... 68

5.2.4 Uji Regresi Linier......................................................... 69

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN................................................................................ 72

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.......................................................... 78

7.1 KESIMPULAN......................................................................... 78

7.2 SARAN..................................................................................... 78

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

LAMPIRAN

x

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Jaras-Jaras Afferen Serebellum......................................................... 18

Tabel 2.2 Jaras-Jaras Efferen Serebellum.......................................................... 20

Tabel 2.3 Persentase Unsur Pokok Knadungan Msg......................................... 23

Tabel 2.4 Karakteristik Tiga Jenis Utama Jahe................................................. 34

Tabel 2.5 Komponen Volatile dan Non-Volatile Rimpang Jahe...................... 36

Tabel 2.6 Komponen zat gizi jahe (Zingiber officinale) per 100 gram............. 3 9

Tabel 5.1 Jumlah Nekrosis Sel Granuler Korteks Serebelli.............................. 63

Tabel 5.2 Jumlah Nekrosis Sel Purkinje Korteks Serebelli............................... 63

Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji Normalitas pada Sel Granuler dan Sel Purkinje Korteks

Serebelli............................................................................................................. 66

Tabel 5.4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas pada Sel Granuler Korteks Serebelli............ 66

Tabel 5.5 Hasil Uji One Way ANOVA.............................................................. 68

Tabel 5.6 Hasil Uji Korelasi Pearson................................................................ 68

Tabel 5.6 Persamaan Regresi Linier.................................................................. 69

xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Serebelum dan hubungannya........................................................... 9

Gambar 2.2 Serabut-serabut Eferen Serebellum................................................. 10

Gambar 2.3 A. Serebelum tampak Superior, B. tampak Inferior....................... 11

Gambar 2.4 Lapisan Korteks dan Selular Serebelli............................................ 12

Gambar 2.5 Unit Fungsional Serebellum............................................................ 13

Gambar 2.6 Foto Mikrografi penampang melintang Serebelli.......................... 14

Gambar 2.7 Struktur Asam Glutamat................................................................ 22

Gambar 2.8 Rimpang Jahe Merah..................................................................... 35

Gambar 2.9 Struktur senyawa kimia pada komponen jahe............................... 39

Gambar 5.1 Grafik Hasil Penelitian Jumlah Nekrosis Pada Sel Korteks

Serebellum Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus)..................................................... 64

Gambar 5.2 Grafik Linieritas Regresi Kelompok Perlakuan Sel Granuler dan

Purkinje.............................................................................................................. 71

xii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

5-HT3 : Serotonin

ATP : Adenosin Trifosfat

AMPA : asam propionat-alfa-amino-3-hidroksi-5-metil-4-isoksazol

BBB : Blood Brain Barrier

CRS : Chinese Restaurant Syndrome

DA : Dopamin

DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ERKs : extracellular signal-regulated kinase

FDA : Food and Drug Administration AS

GABA : Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

GAD : Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

GRAS : Generally Recognized as Safe

LH : luteinizing hormon

MSG : Monosodium Glutamat

NMDA : reseptor N-metil-D-aspartat

NO : Nitrit Oksida

ROS : reactive oxygen species

xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Preparat Hasil Penelitian................................................................ 88

Lampiran 2 Uji Normalitas................................................................................ 91

Lampiran 3 Uji Oneway Anova.........................................................................62

Lampiran 4 Uji Korelasi.................................................................................... 94

Lampiran 5 Uji Regresi..................................................................................... 95

Lampiran 6 Foto Penelitian............................................................................... 98

Lampiran 7 Ethical Clearence...........................................................................99

Lampiran 8 Determinasi Tanaman Jahe..........................................................100

Lampiran 9 Surat Keterangan Pembacaan PA.................................................101

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<http://www.internationalantiagingsystem.uk>

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BINATANG PERCOBAAN, Diakses pada 13 Oktober 2014,

http://www.ukip.ac.id/journaldown/EfekToksikMonosodiumGlutamat(MSG)PadaBinatan

gPercobaan.pdf Surakarta 57126 dan Bagian Imunopatologi Universitas Indonesia (UI)

Jakarta 10430

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Agromedia, Jakarta, hal. 7-12.

Tino Dewi Indrayani, 2010, PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT

(MSG) PERORAL TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH RATTUS NOVERGICUS STRAIN

WISTAR, Fakultas Kedokteran



Topic, B., E. Tani, K. Tsiakitzis, P.N. Kourounakis, E. Dere and R.U. Hasenorhl et al., 2002.

Enhance maze performance and reduced oxidative stress by combined extract of Zingiber

officinale and ginkgo biloba in aged rat. Neurobiol. Aging., 23; 135-143.

Ueki, S., M. Miyosi, O. Shido, J. Hasegawa an T. Watanabe, 2008, systemic administration of

gingerol a pungent constituent of ginger, induce hipotermia in rat via an inhibitory effect

on metabolic rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 584; 87-92.

Urena-Guerrero, M.E.; Lopez-Perez, S.J.; Beaz-Zarate, C. Neonatal monosodium glutamate

treatment modifies glutamic acid decarboxylase activity during rat brain postnatal

development. Neurochem Int. 2003 Mar;42(4):269-76 (dalamINOVASI


Vernin G dan Parkanyi C. 2005. Chemistry of Ginger. Di dalam: Ravindran PN dan Babu KN

(eds.). Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. CRC Press. Washington DC.

Vornick JL, 2012, Chinese Restaurant Syndrom, The U.S. National Libary of Medicin, National

Institute of Health, diakses 15 september 2014,

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001126.htm.

Wakidi, R.F. (2012). EFEK PROTEKTIF VITAMIN C DAN E TERHADAP MUTU SPERMA

MENCIT JANTAN DEWASA YANG DI PAJAN DENGAN MONOSODIUM

GLUTAMAT. Tesis. Medan: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Wardana, Heru D, Barwa NS, Kongsjahju A, Iqbal A, Khalid M, dan Taryadi RR. 2002. BUDI

DAYA SECARA ORGANIK TANAMAN OBAT RIMPANG.Penebar Swadaya.

Jakarta.

Willams, A. N., and Woessner, K.M. (2009). "Monosodium glutamate 'allergy': menace or

myth?". Clinical & Experimental Allergy 39 (5): 640?646.

Wresdiyati T, Astawan M, dan Adnyane IKM. 2003. AKTIVITAS ANTI INFLAMASI

OLEORESIN JAHE (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) PADA GINJAL TIKUS YANG

MENGALAMI PERLAKUAN STRES. Jurnal Teknol. dan Industri Pangan, Vol. XIV,

No. 2

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001126.htm

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK JAHE MERAH …eprints.umm.ac.id/23177/1/jiptummpp-gdl-ramadhanay-42443-1... · Jurnal ethnofarmakologi 13, ... PROLIFERASI LIMFOSIT T DAN VIABILITAS SEL

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