Pengantar Inovasi (Introduxtion to Innovation)

Deputi Inovasi Administrasi Negara

Lembaga Administrasi Negara RIJl. Veteran No. 10 Jakarta

Seri Inovasi Administrasi Negara

Tri Widodo W. Utomo

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Daftar Penyajian

1. Antara Kreativitas, Invensi, dan Inovasi

2. Konsep Inovasi dan Kriterianya

3. Mengapa Berinovasi?

4. Bagaimana Berinovasi?

5. Manajemen Inovasi

6. Kategori Inovasi

7. Anak Tangga dan Hambatan Inovasi

8. Penutup

Bagian I

Antara Kreativitas, Invensi & Inovasi

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KREATIVITAS Sebagai Pemantik

KREATI-VITAS

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Invention is the first innovation within some class of objects. A new member of an already existing category of objects is an innovation, but the first of the objects within that category is an invention.

(Arthur B. Markman and Kristin Wood, 2009, Tools for Innovation: The science behind the

practical methods that drive new ideas, Oxford University Press)

Inventing is the creation of new knowledge or new ideas; Innovation is the integration of existing technology and inventions to create a new or improved product, process, or system.

(Ravi K. Jain, Harry C. Triandis, and Cynthia W. Weick, 2010, Managing Research,

Development, and Innovation: Managing the Unmanagable, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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� Creativity is manifested in the production of a creative work (for example, a new work of art or a scientific hypothesis) that is both original and useful.

� Innovation begins with creative ideas. Creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second.

Jiri Vacek, 2009, Innovation Management, Dept. of Management, Innovations and Project,

Faculty of Economic UWB.

Bagian II

Konsep Inovasi & Kriterianya

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� Producing something new, whether services, product, or market being developed (Martin Schuursman, Chairman of European Institute of Innovation and Technology).

� Turning ideas into money (Larry Hirst, Chairman of IBM EMEA).

� The catalyst for economic growth in order company to grow and succeed (Anthony William, Senior Fellow Lisbon Council / Co-author Wikinomics).

� Introduction of new process or product whether in government, business or philanthropic/social setting (Andrew Wyckoff, Director of Science, Technology and Industry, OECD).

� Creating value for users, adding new ways of doing things (Rian Liebenberg, Engineering Director Google).

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� Turning ideas into commercial variable, opportunity which creates jobs, new company and growth (Ben Butters, Director European Affairs, Euro-chambers).

� Bringing tools closer to people, figuring at a more efficient way of doing things. Turning traditional ways upside down (Rian Liebenberg, Engineering Director Google).

� Without innovation companies die, without innovation societies die too (Anthony William, Senior Fellow Lisbon Council / Co-author Wikinomics).

� An improvement of something already exists or introducing something totally new. It’s not only about technology, it is also about organization (Joeri van den Steenhoven, Charmain and Co-founder, Kennisland).

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� Inovasi berasal dari bahasa Latin innovātus, yg berartimemperbarui (to renew). Jadi, inovasi adalah proses pembaruan sesuatu yg sudah ada, bukanmemperkenalkan sesuatu yang baru.

� Membuat perubahan pada suatu hal yg sudah ada, terutama dengan cara memperkenalkan metode-metode baru (New Oxford American).

� Sesuatu yang berbeda dan berdampak (Scott D. Anthony, The Little Black Book of Innovation, Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2013).

� The implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations(Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation, Paris: OECD, 2005).

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� Innovation means technologies or practices that are new to a given society. They are not necessarily new in absolute terms. These technologies or practices are being diffused in that economy or society ���� what is not disseminated and used is not an innovation.

� Innovation is distinct from research and in fact need not result from it. Innovations come from the entrepreneurs who make them happen and ultimately depend on a society‘s receptiveness.

(World Bank, Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries, 2010).

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� Ada tidaknya dampak positif ataukemanfaatan dari suatu inisiatif perubahan;

� Mampu tidaknya inisiasi perubahan memberisolusi terhadap masalah yg ada;

� Harus berkesinambungan, tidak tergantungpada inisiator / konseptornya;

� Memiliki kompatibilitas dengan sistem diluardirinya, tidak membentur / melanggar sistemyg telah ada.

Bagian III

MENGAPA BERINOVASI?

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Sumber: Types of innovation - Choosing where to innovate

Needs to grow

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2013

2040

Bagian IV

BAGAIMANA BERINOVASI?

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� MENYIRAM – anggaran, dukungan.

� MENYIANGI – kompetisi, deregulasi, komunikasi.

� MEMUPUK – kajian, informasi.

� MENYIAPKAN LAHAN – pelatihan.

Sumber: World Bank, Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries, 2010.

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Peter F. Drucker, 2006,Innovation & Entrepreneurship,

HarperCollins

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1. Establishing sense of urgency;2. Forming a powerful guiding coalition;3. Creating a vision;4. Communicating the vision;5. Empowering others to act the vision;6. Planning for and creating short-term wins;7. Consolidating improvements and

producing more changes;8. Institutionalizing new approaches.

John P Kotter, Leading Change: Why

Transformation Efforts Fail?

Bagian V

Manajemen INOVASI

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1. Penuangan praktek2

inovasi, publikasi dll.

2. Policy Brief.3. Innovation Dialogue.

1. Analisis Gap & Identifikasikebutuhan inovasi.

2. Benchmarking, stock-taking

1. Pematanganinisiatif inovasi.

2. Pendampingan / pelatihan.

1. Pemilihan area inovasi.

2. Penetapan kerangkakerja inovasi

(metode, rencanacapaian, dll).

1. Pelaksanaan inovasi.

2. Monev / impact assessment.

3. Lessons learned.

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� Inkubasi: waktu/masa yg dibutuhkan untuk melaksanakanobservasi atau aksi dan intervensi tertentu, sampai munculperubahan dari kondisi awal menjadi kondisi baru.

� Inisiatif baru biasanya dicirikan: pengalaman terbatas, keterampilan manajerial minim, jejaring usaha sedikit, dukungan / kepercayaan publik terbatas. Maka, perlu ujicoba, market testing, atau piloting sebelum berjalansepenuhnya.

� Di AS: tanpa inkubasi, 66% bisnis pemula masih beradapada kdisi yang sama setelah 2 th berjalan, dan 44% masihtetap sama dan tidak tumbuh setelah 4 tahun (Amy E. Knaup, Survival and Longevity in the Business Employment Dynamics Database).

� Inkubasi diibaratkan jembatan lembah kematian (valley of death) yang menghubungkan dua bukit batu terjal.

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Program / aktivitas selama masa inkubasi:� mengembangkan kapasitas pelaku usaha / inovator, � mematangkan rencana dan fokus usaha, � melengkapi sarana dan metode kerja, � mengembangkan teknologi (jika diperlukan), � menutupi defisiensi dana, � mengurangi defisit kompetensi (mal-keterampilan)

pegawai melalui training, dsb.

Inkubasi bukan jaminan thd kesuksesan usaha atauinovasiStephen Wunker (Incubating Innovation, Forbes, Des. 2007): dari 300 perusahaan yg disurvei hanya 47% yg merasa puasdengan pencapaian tujuan strategis organisasi setelah ikutprogram inkubasi, dan yg puas dengan pencapaian target finansial hanya 24%.

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Logika inkubasi:Jika dengan inkubasi saja masih adakemungkinan kurang berhasilnya sebuahusaha/inovasi, apalagi jika tanpa melaluiinkubasi.

Jiang Zemin:(Presiden China 1993-2003): “Incubation is one of the single most important global innovations of the 21st century”

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Analogi Replikasi:

� Foto copy,� Cangkok tanaman,� Franchise (KFC, Alfamart, Brownies Amanda, dll)

Esensi Replikasi:

� Memperbanyak praktik inovasi secara cepat dengankondisi & mutu yg relatif sama dengan sumber aslinya.

� Dengan replikasi, tidak perlu memulai sesuatu dari nol, atau melakukan riset dan eksperimen yg panjang, ataumengeluarkan biaya investasi yg amat besar.

� Replikasi akan menghemat waktu, tenaga, biaya, danmenekan kemungkinan gagal dari inisiatif inovasi.

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Bagaimana Melakukan Replikasi?

� Benchmarking dan studi banding,

� Pelatihan teknis dan simulasi bagaimana sebuahinovasi itu dikelola, dimonitor, dan dikembangkan,

� Kota kembar, sister institution, atau sejenisnya,

� Stelsel Aktif: 1) mempelajari & mengumpulkan data mengapa inovasi tertentu berhasil diterapkan; 2) menyiapkan rencana & skenario yg matang tentangbagaimana replikasi akan diterapkan, termasuk aspekanggaran, tim pelaksana, tahapan dan kerangkawaktunya; 3) melakukan monitoring & menjamintercapainya target-target yg direncanakan.

Bagian VI

KATEGORI INOVASI

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� Incremental Innovation – Doing more of the same things you have been doing with somewhat better results.

� Additive Innovation – More fully exploiting already existing resources, such as product lines extensions, and can achieve good results. These opportunities should rarely be treated as high priority efforts. The risks should be small – and they should not take resources away from complementary or breakthrough opportunities.

� Complementary Innovation – Offers something new and changes the structure of the business.

� Breakthrough Innovation (Radical Innovation) – Changes the fundamentals of the business, creating a new industry and new avenues for extensive wealth creation.

Sumber: Vadim Kotelnikov, http://www.1000ventures.com

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Rhenald Kasali:Adalah entrepreneur

yang memicuperubahan,

pertumbuhanekonomi, tetapi jugasekaligus sebagaimesin penghancur

ekonomi duniadengan inovasi-

inovasinya.(“Turnaround”,

Koran Sindo, 7-11-2013, hal. 1)

Bagian VII

ANAK TANGGA & HAMBATAN INOVASI

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� Awareness of the Problem: people must perceive there is a problem in the first place.

� Interest: after being aware they need to show an interest in the specific problem;

� Knowledge/comprehension: in order to decide to go for change and adopt an innovation, people need to be knowledgeable about it;

� Attitude: attitude is another factor determining people's orientation in accepting and adopting an innovation;

� Legitimization: is the innovation in line with the norms and legal system of the community? This aspect is related to the overall legislation and policy currently in use. However it can also be related to the cultural and social acceptance of the innovation, and the fact of having to face strong peer pressure in order to adopt it;

� Practice: before actually adopting and putting in action an innovation people need to try it out in order to test its feasibility and effectiveness. Further actions might be needed to ensure its sustainability.

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Geoff Mulgan dan David Albury (Innovation in the

Public Sector, London: 2003)

Bagian VIII

PENUTUP

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© Deputi Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI

Terima Kasih

Lembaga Administrasi Negara RIJl. Veteran No. 10Jakarta

Tri Widodo W. Utomo