Meraih Skore TOEFL 550.pdf

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tips n trik meraih toefl 550

14MATERI B INGGRIS-TOEFL-READING COMPREHENSIONREADING COMPREHENSIONSection 3 dalam ujian TOEFL adalah Reading comprehension. Ini digunakan untuk mengukurkemempuan peserta ujian dalam memahami teks tertulis dalam bahasa inggris. Bagian ini mengujikansetidaknya 5 bacaan, dimana masing-masing bacaan biasanya terdiri dari sepuluh pertanyaan. Sehinggapertanyaan pada bagian ini berjumlah limapuluh pertanyaan. Anda harus menyelesaikan semuapertanyaan dalam waktu limapuluh menit. Bagian ini hanya mengujikan teks bacaan saja, tanpagambar, diagram, atau alat Bantu visual lainnya.Tema bacaan yang diujikan dalam bagian ini cukup bervariasi, namun secara umum berkaitan denganmateri perkuliahan yang diajarkan oleh universitas-universitas di Amerika Serikat. Misalnya, sejarah,sastra, seni, arsitektur, geologi, biologi, kesehatan, astronomi, geogra, dan seterusnya. Adapunpertanyaan pada section 3 bisa dikategorikan ke dalam dua bentuk pertanyaan sebagai berikut:1. Reading comprehensionPada section 3 ini anda akan diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan denganinformasi yang terdapat pada teks bacaan. Mulai dari main idea, bagian bacaan yang lebih rinci, sampaiinferasi atau penyimpulan atas informasi yang terdapat pada bacaan.2. VocabularySection 3 juga meminta anda untuk menjawab arti dari kata-kata tertentu yang terdapat pada teksbacaan. Namun apabila anda sama sekali tidak tahu arti kata-kata tertentu, anda masih tetap biasmengetahui arti kata-kata tersebut dengan memahami konteks bacaan. Dengan demikian anda biasmemperkirakan arti dari kata-kata yang ditanyakan dalam soal.Permasalahan yang biasa dihadapi oleh peserta tes TOEFL dalam ujian Reading Comprehensionadalah batasan waktu yang singkat. Banyak peserta tes yang tidak bias menyelesaikan semuapertanyaan ketika waktu yang disediakan telah habis. Untuk ituBerbagai kemampuan yang dibutuhkan dalam reading harus anda kuasai sebelum benar-benarmenjalankan ujian TOEFL. Sekalipun demikian, Anda masih berpeluang untuk mendapatkan skorTOEFL yang lebih tinggi apabila menguasai trik-trik taktis. Berikut disajikan beberapa kunci yang bisamembantu anda berkompetisi dengan waktu yang ketat sekaligus untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebihbaik.1. Kunci umumKunci 1: Jangan terlalu lama membaca teks bacaan.Harus diingat bahwa anda tidak memiliki cukup waktu untuk membaca teks bacaan secara mendalam.Pertanyaan yang muncul dalam tes reading ini umumnya dpat dijawab secara tepat dengan tanpalangsung membaca bacaan secara rinci. Anda dapat mengalokasikan satu atau dua menit untuk

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membaca main idea pada masing-masing paragraph dari sebuah bacaan sebelum mulai membacapertanyaan. Dengan demikian anda sudah mendapatkan gambaran sekilas tentang informasi yangdisampaikan oleh bacaan.Kunci 2 : Perhatikan semua pertanyaan yang terdapat pada sebuah bacaaan dan ingat-ingat katakuncinya.Setelah membaca sekilas main idea masing-masing paragraph, selanjutnya anda harus segera membacapertanyaan pada soal-soal yang terdapat pada bacaan tersebut. Rekamlah kata-kata kunci padamasing-masing pertanyaan pada pikiran anda sehingga anda dapat mencari jawabannya pada bacaandengan sekali tempo untuk beberapa pertanyaan. Anda juga dapat memeberi tanda pada kata kunci dilembar soal, karena anda tidak dilarang memberikan coretan. Cara ini sangat efektif untuk menghematwaktu, sehingga pandangan anda tidak bolak-balik antara teks bacaan dengan pertanyaaan.Kunci 3 : Jangan panic apabila tema bacaan bukan merupakan disiplin yang anda kuasai..Ujian TOEFL sudah didisai sedemikian rupa sehingga peserta ujian tidak dipersyaratkan untukmenguasai tema-tema dari disiplin ilmu tertentu. Semua informasi yang ditanyakan dalam soal section3 sudah tersedia dalam teks bacaan. Sehingga apapun latar belakang keilmuan yang anda kuasai andaakan tetap dapat menjawab soal-soal pada bacaan yang sama sekali berbeda dari disiplin anda.KUNCI KHUSUSMateri yang diujikan dalam tes reading biasanya memiliki pola-pola dan standar tertentu. Biasanyaanda diminta untuk mengetahui tema bacaaan, menentukan main idea, mengetahui arti dari kosakatatertentu, mengetahui informasi tertentu, melakukan penyimpulan, melakukan identikasi atspengecualian-pengecualian dan mengetahui rujukan dari pronoun tertentu.Untuk membekali diri anda dalam mengahadapi are apersoalan yang diujikan dalam reading tes,perhatikan kunci-kunci berikut ini :Kunci 4 : Lakukan previewing untuk mengetahui topic bacaan..Topik merupakan salah satu item yang hampir dapat dipastikan keluar pada setiap tes TOEFL. Untukmengetahui topic sebuah bacaan, anda tidak perlu membaca secara detail dan mendalam. Anda cukupmembaca kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada tiap-tiap paragraph bacaan. Anda tidak dituntut untukmemahami bacaan secara rinci melainkan hanya untuk menentukan topic, oleh karena nya anda harusmembaca secepat mungkin.Kunci 5 : Perhatikan kalimat pertama dari sebuah paragraph untuk mengetahui main idea.Tes reading sering kali mengujikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan main idea. Mainidea biasanya terdapat pada kalimat pertama dari sebuah paragraph. Dengan mengetahuinya, andadapat memahami pesan apa yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis. Main Idea dari sebuah bacaanbiasanya terdapat pada dua kalimat pertama.Kunci 6 : Pahamilah konteks yang terdapat pada bacaan untuk mengetahui arti kata tertentu.Konteks dalam bacaan bahasa Inggris adalah kombinasi dari kosakata dan grammar yang digunakanpada sebuah kata. Ia dapat berupa sebuah kalimat, paragraph, atau bacaan. Dengan memahamisebuah konteks anda akan dapat memperkirakan arti sebuah kata. Karena dengan mengetahui artisecara umum dari sebuah kalimat berarti anda juga memahami arti kata-kata yang terdapt pada kalimattersebut.Kunci 7 : Lakukan scanning untuk menemukan informasi tertentu yang berkaitan dengan permintaansoal.Sebuah teks bacaan dalam ujian TOEFL biasanya diikuti dengan sepuluh pertanyaan, karena batasanwaktu yang sangat mendesak sebaiknya anada membaca kesepuluh pertanyaan tersebut. Ketikamembaca semua pertanyaan anda harus menemukan kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan danmerekamnya dalam pikiran. Bacalah secara cepat dengan cara scanning untuk menemukan kata-katatertentu yang menjadi kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan. Hal ini sngat berguna dalam melakukanklarikasi pada teks bacaan untuk menemukan informasi yang ditanyakan. Dengan mengingat semuakata kunci pertanyaan, pandangan, dan focus anda tidak perlu terpecah untuk mencocokkanpertanyaan dengan teks. Karena biasanya urutan nomor soal tidak menanyakan kalimat atau bagian


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dari teks secara berurutan. Sehingga bila anda hnaya membaca satu pertanyaan kemudian mencarinyadi teks bacaan akan menghabiskan banyak waktu karena anda perlu melakukan hal yang samaberkali-kali.Kunci 8 : Kumpulkan fakta dan data dalam bacaan untuk melakukan inferasi atau penyimpulanTidak semua jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL dapat ditemukan secara langsungdalam teks bacaan. Hal ini karena informasi yang dimaksud tidak secara eksklusif disebutkan dalamsebuah pernyataan langsung. Sering kali dlam ujian reading anda diminta untuk membuat kesimpulanmengenai informasi tertentu. Untuk itu ketika membaca teks sebaiknya anda memberikan perhatiankhusus terhada data atau fakta tertentu yang mengarah pada sebuah kesimpulan yang informative.Lagi-lagi dalam hal ini mengetahui kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan terlebih dahulu merupakansebuah keuntungan tersendiri. Dengan berbekal kata kunci anda akan menentukan data dan fakta apayang patut and apilih dan kump[ulkan untuk membuat sebuah kesimpulan.Kunci 9: Berkonsentrasi selama membaca teks bacaan.Konsentrasi sangat diperlukan dan merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan yang paling menentukandalam readng test. Sering kali peserta ujian lupa dengan apa yang telah disampaikan oleh kalimat atauparagraph sebelumnya ketika ia mula membaca kalimat atau paragraph baru. Akhirnya ia membacaulang lagi kalimat tersebut. Apabila ini juga terjadi pada anda, langlah berikut dapat dimanfaatkanuntuk meminimalisasi kek\salahan tersebut. Ketika anada membaca sebuah kalimat, latihlah didri anda untuk menerka atau memperkirakan apaisi atau informasi yang akan disampaikan oleh kalimat selanjutnya. Perhatikan kesesuaian sebuah teks dengan judul atau main idea yang sudah anda ketahuisebelumnya, dengan cara ini anda tetap dapat menangkap pesan untama yang diasampaikan olehmasing-masing kalimat sekalipun anda sudah beranjak pada kalimat-kalimat berikutnya.Kunci 10 : Tingkatkan kecepatan membaca anda.Dengan keterbatasan waktu ujian yang singkat, maka kemampuan anda untuk membaca secara cepatdan singkat sangat penting dalam ujian TOEFL. Memang kecepatan membaca ini tidaklah sesuatuyang instant. Melainkan ia harus dilatih secara terus menerus apalagi membaca teks yang bukanbahasa asli kita. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan memilih kata-kata yang paling penting dalamsebuah kalimat, yang mana hal ini akan memberikan anda ringkasan atas arti sebuah bacaan.2. RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEASDalam tes reading seringkali akn ada pertanyaan tentang pengorganisasioan ide-ide dalam teks padajenis pertanyaan ini anda akan diminta untuk menentukan bagaimana ide-ide dalam paragraphberhubungan dengan ide-ide lain dalam paragraph lain.ExampleThe passage :f asked who invented the game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was AbherDoubleday. At the beginning of this century, there was some disagreement over how the game ofbaseball had actually originated, so sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commissionto research the question. In 1908 a report was published by the commission in which AbnerDoubleday, a U.S Army ocer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of thegame. The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday.,most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with thedevelopment of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relation to the English game of roundersand probably has English rather than American roots.The questionThe second paragraph(A) provides examples to support the ideas in the rst paragraph(B) precedes the ideas in the rst paragraph(C) outlines the eects of ideas in the rst paragraphD) refuses the ideas in the rst paragraphTOEFL EXERCISE


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PASSAGE ONE (QUESTIONS 1-2)Conict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable, various managers have widelydivergent ideas on the value that conict can have.According to the traditional view of conict, conict is harmful to an organization. Managers with thistraditional view of conict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any possiblesources of conict.The interactionist view of conict on the other hand, holds that conict can serve an importantfunction in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing positive changes tooccur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conict may actually take steps to stimulate withinthe organization.1. How is the information in the passage organized?(A) The origin of ideas about conict is presented.(B) Contrasting views of conicts are presented.C) Two theorists discuss the strength and weaknesses of their views on conict.(D) Examples of conict within organizations are presented2. What type of information is included in the third paragraph?(A) A comparison of the interactionist and traditional views of conict(B) A discussion of the weaknesses of the interactionist view of conict(C) An outline of the type of manager who prefers the interactionist view of conict(D) A description of one of the opposing views of conictPASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4)IQ, or intelligence Quotient as the radio of a patrons mental age to chronological age, with the radiomultiplied by 100 remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is generallymeasured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to dene.In theory, a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individuals ability to perform intellectualoperations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations are considered torepresent intelligence.In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus at to which types of intellectual operationsdemonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias,which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reect the culture of the testmakers. Test makers from that culture would, it follows, score higher on such a test than test takersfrom a dierent culture with equal intelligence.3. What type of information is included in the rst paragraph(A) An argument(B) A denition(C) An opinion(D) A theory4. How does the information in the third paragraph dier from that in the second paragraph?(A) It presents a contrasting point of view.(B) It follows chronologically from the ideas in the second paragraph.(C) It presents real information rather than a premise.(D) It presents an example of the ideas in the second paragraphPASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6)The largest lake in the western United sates in the Great Salt Lake, an island saltwater lake innorthwestern Utah, is just outside the state capital of Salt Lake City. Rivers and streams feed into theGreat Salt Lake, but none drain out of it, this has a major inuence on both the salt content and thesize of the lake.Although the Great Lake was fed by freshwater streams, it is actually saltier than the oceans of theworld. The salt comes from the more than two million tons of minerals that ow into the lake each year


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from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride-the components of salt- comprise the largemajority of the lakes mineral content.The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,700 square miles, depending onlong term weather conditions. During periods of heavy rains, the size of the lake can swelltremendously from the huge amount of water owing into the lake from its Feeder Rivers and streams;in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 2,400 square miles. During periods of dry weather, the size ofthe lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to evaporation.5. How is the information in the passage organized?(A) Two unusual characteristics of the Great Lake are discussed.(B) Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lakes salt levels are presented.(C) The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets its salt is outlined.(D) The reasons for the variation in the Great Salt Lakes size are given.6. The third paragraph contains information on (A) how the size of the lake aects weather conditions(B) the eects of contrasting weather conditions on the size of the lake(C) the eects of changes in the size of the lake(D) the causes of the varied weather conditions in the area of the lakeCommon types of calendars can be based on the Sun or on the Moon. The solar calendar is based onthe solar year. Since the solar year is 362.2422 days long, solar calendars consist of regular years of 365days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year, to make up for the additional fractionalamount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the moon can take place at various stages ofeach month.lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the lunar month istwenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days shorter than a solaryear.Solar eclipseLunar eclipse1. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) All calendars are the same.(B) The solar calendar is based on the sun.(C) Dierent calendars have dissimilar bases.(D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long.2. How is the information in the passage organized?(A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.(B) Two types of calendars are described.(C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described.(D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provideimmunity to specic diseases. The various types of vaccines are classied according to the method bywhich they are derived.The most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have been killedwith a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are dead andtherefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in and on the microorganisms can stillstimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that ghtinuenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than themicroorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself does li ledamage but the toxin within microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria that causediphtheria can thrive without much harm, but when toxins are released from the bacteria, muscles canbecome paralyzed and death can ensue.A nal type of toxin contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With this type


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of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that results isgenerally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin oral antipoliovaccine and BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.

3. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) Vaccines provide immunity to specic diseases.(B) Vaccines contain disease-causing microorganisms.(C) Vaccines are derived in dierent ways.(D) New approaches in administering vaccines are being developed.4. How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage?(A) two(B) three(C) four(D) ve3. FIND UNSTATED DETAILSDalam tes reading anda seringkali akan diminta untuk menentukan jawaban yang tidak disebutkanatau tidak benar dalam teks. Jenis pertanyaan ini berarti bahwa ada tiga pilihan yang disebutkan ataubenar dalam teks, sementara satu pilihan tidak. Jadi tugas anda adlah menemukan tiga pilihan yangbenar kemudian memilih satu pilihan yang tersisa yang menjadi jawaban pada soal.Anda harus memperhatikan bahwa ada dua macam pilihan atas pertanyaan ini :1. Tiga pilihan benar dan satu tidak dibahas dalam teks.2. tiga jawaban benar dan satu salah menurut teks.The passage:In English there are many dierent kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anythingwhose name is unknown or momentarily forgo en. The word gadget is one such word. It was rstused by British sailors in the 1850s and probably came from the French word gache e, which was asmall hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general meaning. Other words are also used to give aname to something, unnamed or unknown and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some ofthe more commonly used expressions are a what-dye-call-it, a whatsis, a thingamabob, a thingamajig, adoodad, or a doohickey.1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word gadget ?(A) It is used to name something when the name is not known(B) It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century(C) It most likely came from a word in the French language.(D) Its rst known use was by British sailors.1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an expression for something that is notknown?2. (A) a thingamabob3. (B) gadget4. (C) A doohickey5. (D) A what-is-it6. Passage one (question 1-2)7. Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and whiteblood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally needs theplasma portion of the blood more than the other components.8. Plasma diers in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for alldonors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasmacan be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.

.1. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT2. (A). it is a deeply colored liquid


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3. (B). blood cells have taken out of it4. (C). patients are often transfused with it5. (D). it is generally more important to the patient than other part of whole blood6. 2. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?7. (A). it is dierent from plasma8. (B). it cannot be dried9. (C). it is impossible to keep in storage for a long time.10. (D). it is a clear, colorless liquid.11. Passage two (question 3-4)12. Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman was an American journalist at the turn of the century who wrote forthe newspaper New York World under the pen name Nellie Bly, a name which was taken from theStephen, Foster song Nellie Bly. She achieved fame for her exposes and in particular for the bold andadventuresome way that she obtained her stories.13. She felt that the best way to get the real story was from the inside rather than as an outsideobserver who could be treated to a pre ied version of reality. On one occasion she pretended to be athief so that she would get a nested and see for herself how female prisoners were really treated. Onanother occasion she faked mental illness in order to be admi ed to a mental hospital to get the realpicture on the treatment of mental patients.14. 3. Which of the following is NOT true about Nellie Bly?15. (A). Nelly Blys real name was Elizabeth Cochrane seaman.16. (B). Nellie Bly was mentally ill17. (C). The name Nellie Bly came from a song.18. (D). The name Nellie Bly was used on articles that Seaman wrote.19. 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as something that Nellie Bly did to get a good story?20. (A). she acted like a thief21. (B). she got arrested by the police.22. (C). she pretended to be ill.23. (D). she worked as a doctor in a mental hospital.4. FIND PRONOUN REFERENTSDalam tes reading seringkali anda diminta untuk menentukan sebuah pronoun mengacu pada nounyang mana?Cara menjawab pertanyaan ini adalah dengan melihat kalimat /kata-kata sebelum pronoun. Anda akanmendapatkan noun yang dimaksud disana.ExampleThe passageCarnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus Flytrap are generally found in the humid areaswhere there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants havedeveloped mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive uids to obtain thenecessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew hassticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs, andthe leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-Flytrap function more like a trap,snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect.The questions :1. The pronoun they in line 4 refers to2. (A) humid areas3. (B) these plants4. (C) insects5. (D) digestive uids6. 2. The pronoun it in line 6 refers to 7. (A) a variety8. (B) the sundew9. (C) An insect


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10. (D) the leaf

5. INDIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS

Beberapa pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL akan meminta jawaban yang tidak secara langsung disebutkandalam teks. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini anda harus menarik kesimpulan dari informasi yang diberikan dalam teks.Pertanyaan jenis ini meliputi dua : (1) implied detailed questions and (2) transitions questions.

ANSWER IMPLIED DETAILED QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

ExampleThe passageThe Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an Alphabet ofonly twelve le ers, the ve vowels, A,E,I,O,U and the seven consonants H,K,L,M,N,P,W. Each syllablein the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a muchhigher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English.This musical sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians speakEnglish, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and expressions fromthe traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha, and may bereferred to as a malihini because he is a new comer to the island. This visitor may a end an outsideluau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to dance the hula.The questions :1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?(A) mahalo(B) mahimahi(C) meklea(D) moana2. It is implied a luau is (A) a dance(B) a feast(C) a concert(D) a languageTOEFL EXERCISEPASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)Eskimos need ecient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they live aresurrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and do ed with lakes and seas. Two dierent types of boatshave been developed by the Eskimo, each constructed to meet specic needs.The Kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by deck. A kayak is generally constructedwith one opening in the deck for one rider, however, some kayaks are made for two, Because the deckof a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over inthe water and roll back without lling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak isfor hunting.The umiak is not closed over, as is in the kayak, instead it is an open boat that is built to hold ten totwelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which reect the size of the boat; e.g.the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to campsite, and it is used for hunting largeranimals that are too big to be hunted in a kayak.2. It can be inferred from the passage that an example of the animal mentioned in lines 12-13 might be(A) a kangaroo(B) a snake(C) a whale(D) a salmon


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PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-5)Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the mostimpressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and thegiant sequoia (Sequoiandendrom gigan eum) are found growing natively only in the state ofCalifornia. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while the giantsequoia is found inland and at a higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the face of theearth; the height of the tallest redwood on the record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though not quite as tallas the California redwood, with the height of 320 feet ( 100 meters), the giant sequoia is nonethelessthe largest and the most massive of living things ; giant sequoias have been measured at more than 100feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000 tons.3. It is implied in the passage that(A) the leaves of only California redwood turn brown in the autum(B) the leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter(C) the leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter(D) the leaves of neither types of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Siera Nevadas are (A) a type of giant redwood(B) a coastal community(C) a group of lakes(D) a mountain range5. Which of the following is implied in the passage?(A) The giant sequoia is taller than the California redwood.(B) The California redwood is not as big around as the giant sequoia.(C) The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia.(D) Other living things are larger than the giant sequoia.

TRANSITION QUESTION CORRECTLYYou will sometimes be asked to determine what a probably came before the reading passage (in thepreceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage (in the following paragraph).Of course, the topic of the preceding or following paragraph is not directly stated, and you must drawa conclusion to determine what a probably in these paragraph.This type of question. It asks you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing containstransition from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with the idea of the previousparagraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraphs. A paragraph may also end with an ideathat will be further developed in the following paragraph.

ExampleThe passage:Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited sovereign of theoceans depths. The name Jones is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from thename Jonah the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales belly.According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bo om of the ocean is said tohave gone to Davy Joness locker, the ocean sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls into thewater, needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Joness locker,although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures located there.The questions:1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses1. The youth of Davy Jones2. Davy Jones career as a sailor3. A dierent traditional story from the sea4. Preparing to travel on the ocean


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1. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is1. valuable items located of the bo om of the ocean.2. Where Davy Jones is found today3. Jonah and the whale4. Preventing objects from failing overboard

6. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

Dalam tes reading akan ada sejumlah soal tentang vocabulary. Jawaban atas soal ini seringkali sudahada dalam teks itu sendiri. Berikut ini beberapa macam jenis soal vocab.FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES(Menemukan denisi dari kata kunci yang ada dalam teksKetika anda diminta untuk menemukan kata dalam tes reading kemungkinannya:1. Teks memberikan informasi tentang kata itu2. Ada tanda-tanda trtentu yang mengarahkan kita pada kata tersebutExampleThe passage ;One of the leading schools of psychological thought in thetwentieth century is behaviorism the belief that the role of thepsychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious and unconscious thought,which is not. Probably the best known proponent of behaviorism is B.E Skinner, who is famous for hisresearch on how rewards and punishment inuence behavior. He came to believe that positivereinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more eective in promoting good behavior thannegative reinforcement or punishment.The questions1. In behaviorism In line 2, a psychologist is concerned with(A) unconscious thought pa erns(B) observable actions(C) unobservable actions(D) unobservable actions2. What is positive reinforcement in line 7A) a giftB) A rewardC) A bribeD) A penalty3. What is negative reinforcement in line 9?(A) A promotion(B) A reward(C) A surpriseD) A punishmentTo answer the rst question, you should look at the part of the passage following word behaviorism.The dash punctuation (-) gives extra or further information about behaviorism. In the informationfollowing the dash you should see that the behaviorist in behavior which is observable, so the bestanswer to this question is answer (C).To answer the second question, you should look at the part of the passage following the expressionpositive reinforcements. The expression such as indicate that examples of positive reinforcement aregoing to follow. Your job is to look at the examples of positive reinforcement and draw a conclusionabout what positive reinforcement might be. Since price, food, or money might be given in return for ajob well done, then positive reinforcement must be a reward. The best answer to this question istherefore answer(B).To answer the third question, you should look at the part of the passage following the expressionnegative reinforcement. The word or following negative reinforcement tells you that the idea is going to

:)


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be restated in dierent words. You can see in the passage that another word for negativereinforcement is punishment, so answer (D) is the best answer to this questionsDETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTSWhen you are asked to determine the meaning of long words but you do not know THE MEANING inthe reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible to determine themeaning of the word by studying the word part.ExampleThe PassageRing lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the book of hiscarrier, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, Santa Louis, and Chicago.However, it is for his short stories of lower middle clash Americans that ring lardner is perhaps bestknown. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class,often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors and incorrect diction that typied the language ofthe lower middle class.The questions1. The word vividly in line 6 is closest in meaning to A) in a cultured way(B) in a correct way(C) in a lifelike way(D) in a brief way2. The word misspelled in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) highly improper(B) vulgar(C) incorrectly wri en(D) slang1. The word diction in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) Writing(B) Sentence structure(C) Form(D) SpeechIn the rst question, the word vividly contains the word part viv, which means life, so the best answeris answer (C).In the second question, the word misspelled contains the word part mis, which means error orincorrect, so the best answer is answer (C).In the third question, the word diction contains the word part dic, which means speak, so that answeris answer (D).USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDSOn the TOEFL test you will sometimes be asked to determine the meanings of a dicult word, a wordthat you are expected to know. In this case, the passage will give you a clear indication of what theword means.ExampleLine in the passage :The barges headed across the lake The question :A barge is probably, which of the following?A) A trai(B) A planeC) A bicycle(D) A boatUSE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDSYou will sometimes be asked to determine the meaning of a simple word, a word that you see often ineveryday English. In this type of question, you should not give the normal everyday meaning of the


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word, instead, the TOEFL test wants you to know the meaning of the word in this situation.ExampleA line from the passage :He put his answer this wayThe question :The word put is closest meaning to which of the following?A) Placed(B) Set(C) ExpressedD) handedShe always helps many people. She, however, is bad with her mother.Cardamon is not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the world. Thisfruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a stimulant in Americanand English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the multipurpose benets of this aromatic fruit.In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry; in Middle Eastern countries it is seeped to prepare aavorful golden colored tea; in parts of northern Europe it is used as spice in various types of pastry.1. The word solely in line 2 could best be replaced by A) initiallyB) onlyC) reportedlyD) healthfully2. The word multipurpose in line 3 is closest in meaning to the word season in line 4?(A) Health(B) Singular(C) Recognized(D) varied3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word season in line 4?(A) Divide(B) Forecast(C) Spice(D) Put a time limit4. Curry in line 4 is (A) the fruit of ginger plant(B) A spicy type of sauce(C) A culture in the area of the Middle East(D) A type of golden-colored tea5. The word seeped in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) Steamed(B) Dried(C) Stored(D) grownThe life-span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-ve years. Of course, anelephant can perish from a number of unnatural causes; e.g it can be killed by hunters, mostprobably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from deases that spread throughout an elephantherd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies theinadequate supply of water.If, however, an elephant survives disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around this age,the cause of death is a ributed to the loss of the nal set of molars. When this last set of teeth is gone,the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain unadequate nourishment. In old age,elephant tend to search out a nal home where there is shade for comfort from the sun and softvegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old elephants have been found in such places.1. The word perish in line 2 means


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2. (A) fall ill3. (B) shoot4. (C) die5. (D) get rich1. The word unnatural in line 2 is closest meaning to2. (A) wild3. (B) violent4. (C) domesticated5. (D) abnormal1. The word drought in line 4 means 2.3. (A) a drowning4. (B) a lack of food5. (C) an inadequate supply of water6. (D) an overabundance of animals1. Which of the following could be used to replace the word survives in line 6?2.3 (A) Rises to4 (B) Succumbs to5 (C) Denies6 (D) Lives through1. Molars in line 7 are2. (A) germs3. (B) old-age characteristics4. (C) types of food5. (D) teeth1. In line 8, malnutrition is used to describe someone who 2. (A) is in good health3. (B) has an illness4. (C) suers from poor eating5. (D) experiences dental problems1. The expression a nal home in line 9 is closest in meaning to 2. (A) a place to die3. (B) a comfortable house4. (C) a place for sale5. (D) the only remaining place to live1. The word shade in line 9 is closest in meaning to 2. (A) color3. (B) heat4. (C) diminished light5. (D) a front porch6. GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE

NORMAL SENTENCE PATERNIN ENGLISH

Subject Verb Complement Modier(predicate) (object) (adverb)John and I ate a pizza last nightWe studied present perfect last week.

Learn the following sentences and their sentence pa erns!


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They smile.

They smile.Subject Verb / predicate We sleep.

We sleep.Subject Verb / predicate My father drinks coee.

My father drinks coee.Subject Verb / predicate Complement

/ object The lady writes a le er.

The lady Writes A le er.Subject Verb/ predicate Complement / object The man lives in a village.The man lives in a village.subject Verb/ predicate Modier/ adeverb The man makes handicrafts in a village.The man makes Handicrafts in a village.Subject Verb / predicate Complement / object Modier

/ adverb She can dance.She can dance.Subject verb phrase Mr. Joko has gone.Mr.Joko Has gone.Subject Verb phrase He is shopping.He is shopping.Subject verb phraseLinking verb : am, is, areIncorrect : She drove on the street the car.Verb modier complementCorrect : She drove the car on the street.Verb complement modierUrutannya subject + Verb + complement + modier, tidak bisa dibalik antara complement denganmodier. Identify the subject, verb, and modier1. George is cooking dinner.2. Henry and Marcia have visited the president.3. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.4. Pat should have visited the president.5. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.6. Trees grow7. It was raining at seven oclock this morning.8. Jill is buying a new hat in the store.9. Harry is washing dishes right now.10. She opened her book.


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B. Subject pronouns Vs Possessive adjectives My car is new. He has a house. His house is old And so on. I have a car.Aku dalam bahasa Inggris ketika sebagai subjek = I, ketika sebagai objek = me.. Selanjutnya ketikaaku berfungsi menyatakan kepunyaan berubah menjadi my, kemudian you menjadi your, dst.RumusnyaSubject pronouns Possessive adjectivesI myYou yourThey theirWe ourHe hisShe herIt ItsC. Possessive adjectives Vs Possessive pronouns My hat is red and your hat is blue. My hat is red and yours is blue. Your hat is blue and mine is red.Ketika kita mau mengatakan topiku bahasa Inggrisnya = my hat. Lantas apa bahasa inggrisnya milikku?Yaitu mine.. milik mereka = theirs, mikik kami ours, dst.RumusnyaPossessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

My mineYour yoursTheir TheirsOur OursHis HisHer HersIts ItsD. Object/complement pronouns Vs Reexive pronouns He cooked for me yesterday. He cooked for himself last night. Anisa bought her li le brother a new hat. Joan bought herself a new hat.Rumus ini digunakan ketika sebuah subjek melakukan perbuatan yang terarah pada dirinya sendiri.Misalnya, Aku membeli makanan untuk diriku, maka bahsa inggrisnya I buy food for myself. Diamenyakiti dirinya = He hurts himself. Jadi ada penambahan self/selves pada pronounya.

RumusnyaObject/complement pronouns Reexive pronounsMe myselfYou yourselfyourselvesThem themselvesUs ourselvesHim HimselfHer HerselfIt Itself


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Do the following exercises!1. I go to school with (he/him) yesterday.2. I see (she/her/herself) at the union everyday.3. She speaks to (we/us/ourselves) every morning.4. (He/Him) is going to New York on vacation.5. (She/her) and John gave the money to the boy.6. I hurt (my/mine/the) leg.7. John bought (he/him/ hisself /himself) a new hat.8. (Your/yours) record is scratched and (my/mine) is too.9. (We/us) girls are going camping over the weekend.10. We like (our/ours) new car very much.11. Marry and (I/me) would rather go to the movies.12. Monday is a holiday for (we/us) teahers.VERBS AS COMPLEMENTSVerbs as Complements, artinya kata-kata kerja sebagai pelengkap. Maksudnya sering kali kata kerja ituberfungsi sebagai pelengkap, yaitu pelengkap dari kata-kata kerja lain. Contoh :1. He agrees to meet.2. He enjoys si ing there.3. Kata meet adalah sebagai pelengkap kata agrees, tapi coba perhatikan meet ditulis dengan to meet.Bukan meet saja atau ditambah ing meeting.4. Sedangkan kata enjoys diikuti verb ing si ing, bukan sit saja, atau to sit.5. Jadi materi ini mengajarkan bahwa ada daftar kata kerja yang diikuti to verb, dan ada daftar katakerja yang diikuti verb-ing.6. Dalam tes TOEFL materi ini sangat sering diujikan.

A. Verbs yang diikuti innitives (to verb)Agree : setuju Desire : ingin Intend : ingin Prepare : menyiapkan Tend : cenderung A empt : berusaha Fail : gagal Learn : belajar Pretend : berpura-pura Try : mencoba Claim : mengklaim Forget : melupakan Need : membutuhkan Refuse : menolak Want : menginginkan Decide : memutuskan Hesitate : ragu-ragu Oer : menawarkan Seem : kelihatan Wish : berharap Demand : menuntut Hope : berharap Plan : berencana Agree : setuju

Contoh


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Marry learned to swim when she was very young. The soldiers are preparing to a ack the village. The budget commi ee decided to postpone this meeting.B. Verbs diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) Admit : mengakui Appreciate : menghargai Delay : menunda Miss : ketinggalan / rindu Regret : menyesal Risk : mengambil resiko/beresiko Deny : menyangkal Postpone : menunda Report : melaporkan Suggest : menyarankan Avoid : menolak Enjoy : menikmati Practice : berlatih Resent : marah, benci, merasa tersinggung Cant help : tidak betah Finish : menyelesaikan Quit : berhenti Resist : menahan, menolak Consider : mempertimbangkan Mind : keberatan Recall : mengingat Resume : melanjutkan, mulai lagi Object to : keberatan Look forward to : mengharap-harap Confess to : mengakui Approve of : setuju dengan Give up : menyerah Worry about : merasa cemas dengan Be be er o : lebih baik Insist on : bersikeras Succeed in : berhasil Count on : mengharapkan Keep on : terus , tetap Think about : depend on Put o : menunda Think of : berpikir terhadapContoh :

John admi ed stealing the money. We enjoyed seeing them again. Michael was considering buying a new car. John gave up smoking Marry insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels. We are not looking forward to going back to school. C. Verbs yang dapat diikuiti oleh gerund = verb-ing atau innitives = to verb tanpa perubahanmakna. Begin : mulai


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Like : suka Cant stand : tidak betah Love : cinta Continue : melanjutkan Prefer : lebih suka Dread : takut kepada Start : mulai Hate : benciContoh : He started to study TOEFL. OR He started studying TOEFL. Joan hates to ride her bicycle. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school. He dreads meeting the headmaster. OR He dreads to meet the headmaster.D. Be berapa verbs yang dapat diikuti baik oleh innitive = to verb atau gerund = verb-ing, tapimaknanya berubah. stop remember forgetFor examples John stopped studying. (John sedang belajar kemudian berhenti, dan tidak melanjutkan lagi) John stopped to study. (John sedang melakukan suatu pekerjaan, kemudian berhenti unuk belajar) I remember meeting him in a seminar last year. (Aku ingat peristiwa ketika bertemu dia di sebuahseminar tahun lalu.) I remember to meet him today. (Aku ingat bahwa aku harus / berencana untuk menemui dia hari ini.) Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat yang diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) Accustomed to : terbiasa dengan Intent on : bermaksud sungguh-sungguh untuk Afraid of : takut pada Interested in : tertarik pada Capable of : mampu untuk Successful in : sukses dalam Fond of : senang pada Tired of : lelah dengan For examples Mitch is afraid of ge ing married now. I am accustomed to smoking We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends. Alvaro is intent on nishing school next year. Crag is fond of dancing. Tambahan* Daftar kata benda yang diikuti oleh the gerund (verb ing) Choice of : pilihan terhadap/atas Possibility of : kemungkinan terhadap Excuse for : alasan untuk Intention of : keinginan untuk Reason for : alasan untuk Method for / method of : metode.Contoh :George has excuse for dropping out of school.There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.There is no reason for leaving this early.Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat diikuti oleh innitive (to verb) Anxious : khawatir


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Eager : ingin tahu Pleased : senang Usual : biasa Boring : membosankan Easy : mudah Prepared : siap Common : umum Dangerous : berbahaya Good : bagus Ready : siap Dicult : sulit Hard : keras Strange : aneh Able : dapatFor Examples Muhammad is anxious to see his family. It is dangerous to drive in this weather. We are ready to leave now. It is dicult to pass this test.Do the following exercise

1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.2. They appreciate (to have/ having) this information.3. We found it very dicult (reaching / to reach) a decision)4. Dona is interested in (opening/to open a bar).5. Marry regrets (to be/ being) the one to have to tell him.6. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.7. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.8. Henry shouldnt risk (to drive/driving) so fast.9. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.10. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to their country.

THE VERB NEEDThe boy needs cu ing his hair or The boy needs to cut his hair?Kata kerja need diikuti innitive / to verb hanya jika subjeknya benda hidup. Tapi jika subjeknya bendamati maka kata kerja need diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) atau diikuti oleh to be + past participle (Verb3)A. Subjek benda hidup + innitive John and his brother need to paint the house. My friend needs to learn Spanish He will need to driveB. Subjek benda mati + verb ing (to be+ past participle) The grass needs cu ing. OR The grass needs to be painted. The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired. The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be wri en.Perhatikan, kita menggunakan in need of dengan aturan berikut.subject + be + in need of + nounFor examples Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money) The roof is in need of repairing. (The roof needs to be repaired.) The organization is in need of volunteers. (The organization needs volunteers.) Exercise


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1. Its too hot and my hair needs (cut).2. The computer needs (repair).3. James needs .. (see) a doctor.4. Marry will need (make) a new dress for the party.5. His car needs (tune).6. You will need to be here at night.7. The house needs (paint) soon.

QUESTIONSDalam pertanyaan selalu digunakan kata kerja Bantu atau to be sebelum subjek.Contoh : Are you sad? Is he tall? Why are they angry? What do you eat? What will we get? EtcSelalu beriringan to be / kata kerja Bantu + subjectPenting*Embedded Questions : Adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam sebuah kalimat lain ;kalimat positive, negative, atau interrogative. Pelajari susunannya.Rumusnya :Subject + verb (phrase) + question word + verbPelajari contoh-contoh berikut !Question : Where will the meeting take place?Embedded question : We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.Q.word Subject verb phraseQuestion : Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Embedded Questions : The authorities cannot gure out why the plane landed at theQ.word subject verbwrong airport.Embedded Questions :Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon class.I have no idea how long the interview will take.Tambahan (perkecualian)* Apabila kalimat Tanya nya seperti berikut (question word berfungsi sebagaisubject) maka dalam embedded question kalimat Tanya tersebut tidak mengalami perubahan.Question : Who will paint that picture?Embedded question : They cant deide who will paint the picture.Question : Whose car is parked in the lot?Embedded Questions : The police cant determine whose car is parked in the lot.Question tag* Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita sering mengatakan kamu lapar kan?..Dia tinggal di Jogjakan?.. dst. Berikut caranya, pelajari baik-baik! You are sick, arent you? He likes tea, doesnt he? You helped him, didnt you? You were at home, werent you? He can swim, cant he?Berikut ini beberapa contoh tipe soal dalam tes TOEFL, pelajari baik-baik!

Tipe soal 1Penggunaan to be


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Find the incorrect word/words!Buying clothes are often a very time-consuming practice because those clothesA B Cthat a person likes are rarely the ones that t him or her.DApa jawaban anda?Jawaban yang benar adalah A. To be are yang ditulis disana salah, seharusnya to be nya adalah is.Nah dari sini seharusnya kita kita kritis bertanya, mengapa yang benar is bukan are?Kapan digunakan is, kapan digunakan are?Pertama, to be is digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah he, she, atau it atau orang ketiga tunggal(manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu tunggal). Contoh The boy ishandsome. The cat is funny.Kedua, to be are digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah you, they, we atau orang ketiga jamak(manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu jamak)Contoh : The boys are handsome. The cats are funny.Adapun untuk soal di atas to be yang benar adalah is karena subjeknya adalah buying clothes(membeli pakaian). Buying clothes disini dianggap tunggal karena sama maknanya dengan kata it(sesuatu yang kita bicarakan, dan itu tunggal).Perhatikan kalimat berikut!Membeli banyak pakaian tidak baik. (Buying clothes is not good.)Coba kita perhatikan frase membeli banyak pakaian itu termasuk subjek tunggal. Jangan terkecoh padakata banyak pakaian (clothes)! Frase buying clothes tetap itu dianggap tunggal karena frase itumerupakan sebuah topic/ issue tunggal.Tipe soal 2Penggunaan many atau much, a few atau a li leFind the incorrect word/words!Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the studentsA B Clost their opportunity to lease the appartment.DApa jawaban anda?Jawaban yang benar adalah B.Karena too many time.. adalah salah. Seharusnya too much time.Mengapa yang benar pakai much bukan many? Bagaimana aturannya?RulesDiikuti kata benda terhitung/countable nouns Diikuti kata benda tak terhitung /uncountable nounsa, the, some, anysome chairs the, some, anysome waterthis, that, these, those this, thatnone, one, two, three NoneManya lot ofa large number ofa great number of(a) few(b) fewer than(c) more than much (usually in negatives or questions)a lot ofa large amount of(a) li le


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(b) less than(c) more thanTipe soal 3Penggunaan pronoun kata ganti; my/me, they/them, himself/hisself?Find the incorrect word/words!These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps weA B C Dwill return later.Apa jawaban anda?Jawaban yang benar adalah C...all too expensive for we to buy. Kata for we disini salah, yang benar seharusnya forus.Mengapa?Karena kata kita disini berposisi sebagai object of preposition/complement of preposition(objekpreposisi)Contoh mudahnya sebagai berikut, mana yang benar?I buy an apple for. (he/him).tentu yang benar adalah himHe builds a house for (they/them.)Berikut teori lengkapnya:A. Subject pronouns Vs Object/complement pronouns I like him. He likes me. They like us. We like them. I write a le er for her. And so on..Subject pronouns Object pronouns(Complement pronouns)I MeYou YouThey ThemWe UsHe HimShe HerIt ItB. Subject pronouns Vs Possessive adjectives I have a car. My car is new. He has a house. His house is old And so on.Subject pronouns Possessive adjectivesI MyYou YourThey TheirWe OurHe HisShe HerIt ItsC. Possessive adjectives Vs Possessive pronounsMy hat is red and your hat is blue. My hat is red and yours is blue.


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Your hat is blue and mine is red.Possessive adjectives Possessive pronounsmy Mineyour Yourstheir Theirsour Ourshis Hisher Hersits ItsD. Object/complement pronouns Vs Reexive pronouns He cooked for me yesterday. He cooked for himself last night. Anisa bought her li le brother a new hat. Joan bought herself a new hat.Object/complement pronouns Reexive pronounsme Myselfyou yourselfyourselvesthem themselvesus ourselveshim Himselfher Herselfit Itself

Tipe Soal 4Embedded questionFind the incorrect word/words!The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit theA B C Dproposal.Apa jawaban anda?Jawaban yang benar adalah pilihan C.Seharusnya kalimat itu adalah The next important question we have to decide is when we have tosubmit the proposal.Jadi tidak pakai do.Untuk lebih memahaminya perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut; When do you go? Then question is when you go.Penggunaan do dihilangkan manakala kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek/complement darisebuah kalimat (noun clause)Contoh lain : Where do you live? I know where you live. Where is your house? He told me where your house is.

Tipe soal 5Penggunaan either dan neitherFind the incorrect word/words!George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasnt neither.A B C DApa jawaban anda?


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Jawaban yang benar adalah pada pilihan D.Seharusnya yang benar adalah Maria hasnt either, atau Maria has neither.Kata either artinya juga.Sama, kata neither artinya juga.Kedua-duanya digunakan untuk kalimat bermakna negatif.Anda mau mengatakan :Dia tidak makan, dan aku juga.Anda dapat mengatakan :He does not eat, and neither do I.AtauHe does not eat, and I dont either.Jadi rumusnya :Neither + auxiliary verb + subjectSubject + auxiliary verb + not + eitherTipe soal 6Susunan modier dan complement yang dibalikJohn decided to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoonABChe changed his mind.DApa jawaban anda?Jawaban yang benar adalah B.Seharusnya kalimat diatas John decided to buy a new car in the morning, but ..Jadi masalah di atas terkait dengan posisi complement(objek) dengan modier (keterangan) yang diawali preposis yang terbalik. Seharusnya complement dulu, baru modier yang diawali preposisi.Pelajari teori berikut.Normal Sentence Pa ern in English

Subject Verb Complement ModierJohn and I ate a pizza last nightWe studied present perfect last week.

They smile.

They smile.Subject verb We sleep.

We sleep.Subject verb My father drinks coee.

My father drinks coee.Subject verb complement The lady writes a le er.

The lady writes a le er.Subject verb complement The man lives in a village.The man lives in a village.Subject verb modier The man makes handicrafts in a village.The man makes handicrafts in a village.


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Subject verb complement modier She can dance.She can dance.Subject verb phrase Mr. Joko has gone.Mr.Joko Has gone.Subject Verb phrase He is shopping.He is shopping.Subject verb phraseLinking verb : am, is, areIncorrect : She drove on the street the car.Verb complementCorrect : She drove the car on the street.Verb complementTipe soal 7Penggunaan kata otherSome of the plants in this store require very li le care, but this one needsA Bmuch more sunlight than the others ones.C DTipe soal 8Penggunaan tenses dalam adverbial clause yang menggunakan kata after dan beforeAfter George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.A B C DAfter + s + had + v3s + v2After I had taken a bath, I prayed.After I had taken a bath, I was sleepy.Before I ate , I had taken a bath.Tipe A Tipe BPredikat Kata kerja Predikat selain kata kerjaWe sleep.He drinks tea.I go home.I do not stand.We do not walk.She does not sing.We do not have money.Do you smoke?Do I sleep?Does she sing?Do you eat rice?What do you eat?Does she drink milk?What does she drink?Who do you go with?What do you work for?Last night I met a ghost.Yesterday they walked.Yesterday I did not eat.Yesterday he did not smile.Did you go to the beach yesterday?


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What did you write last night?

Tomorrow I will meet the director.Tomorrow I will go to Bali.Will you y?Will you sleep?Will she cry?What will you eat?Who will you go with?I have eaten.She has gone.They have left jogja.Has she gone?Have they left jogja?Have I eaten?What have I eaten?I am si ing.He is reading.They are talking.Are they studying?What are they studying?They are not playing.I have eaten now.At that time I had eaten.At that time she had gone.At that time she had not gone.Now we are studying English.At that time we were studying.At that time I would call you. She is beautiful.They are rich.My mother is pre y.I am not hungry.She is not famous.She is not angry.We are not at home.Are you crazy?Am I beautiful?Why are you sad?Why am I tired?Why are they sad?Last night I was afraid.Yesterday they were angry.Yesterday I was not healthy.Yesterday they were not sick.Were you happy last night?Was crazy last night?Why were you sad last night?Next year I will be happy.Will she be happy?Will she be mine?Why will you be here?They have been here.


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He has been satised.Why has he been satised?Why have you been disappointed?

Tipe soal 9Subject-verb agreementMany theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed,A Bbut no one has been as widely accepted as this one.C DThe girls .are/isin bad condition.The boy playing toys..naughty.They boys areI eat.You eat.They eat.He eats.She eats.The lady eats.The ladies eat.The lady ..has/have.. a car.The ladies ..has/have.. a car.Tipe soal 10Beberapa kata yang tidak pernah digunakan dalam bentuk continuousThe food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.A B C D Know Understand Have Believe Hate Need Hear Love Appear See Like Seem Smell Want Taste Wish Sound OwnTipe soal 11Pemahaman tenses dasarAfter John eaten dinner, he wrote several le ers and went to bed.A B C DTipe soal 12Keterangan waktu pada tenses dasarThe manager has nished working on the report last night, and now she willA B C


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begin to write the other proposal.DI have eaten now.I have eaten two hours ago.S + v2S + have/has + v3I have eaten now.I ate two hours ago.I have bought a dictionary today.I have bought a dictionary this morning.Tipe soal 13Masalah pronounBecause Sam and Michelie had done all of the work theirselves., they wereA B Cunwilling to give the results to Joan.DTipe soal 14Masalah conditional sentenceDaniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be ableA Bto a end the concert.DTIPE 1If I meet Mr. Yanto, I will address him.If I get money , I will treat you.If it rains, I will wear a raincoat.TIPE 1If I am hungry, I will buy some food.If you are sick, I will take care of you.If he comes, I will be happy.Tipe 2If I brought money, I would treat you.If he met me, I would be happy.If they helped me, I would thank them.TIPE 2If I were healthy, I would work.If I were rich , I would build a villaTipe 3If I had brought money , I would have given you some food.If I had passed, I would have studied abroad.If they had come, they would have helped us.If I had been healthy, I would have helped you.If I had been rich, I would have built a villa.Tipe soal 15Prepositions + gerunds (Verb-ing)After to take the medication the patient became drowsy and more manageable.A B C DTipe soal 16Verbs + prepositions followed by gerundWe insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outburst take place.A B C D Approve of


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Give up Rely on Worry about Be be er o Insist on Succeed in Count on Keep on Think about Depend on Put o Think ofTipe soal 17Question tagIt has been a long time since we have talked to John , isnt it?A B C DYou are sick, arent/isnt you?You will go, wont you?He sleeps, doesnt he?Tipe soal 18Verbs + prepositions followed the word to as preposition(object to, look forward to, confess to)Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our a orney, andA B CJohn does so.DI want to go.He comes to sleep.Tipe soal 19Verbs that are followed by gerund / verb ingRita enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vocation.A B C D Admit Delay Miss Regret Risk Appreciate Deny Postpone Report Suggest Avoid Enjoy Practice Resent Cant help Finish Quit Resist Consider Mind


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Recall ResumeTipe soal 20Verbs that are always followed by innitive (to + verb)After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery , the reputed mobster decided ndA B C Danother a orney. Agree Desire Intend Prepare Tend A empt Fail Learn Pretend Try Claim Forget Need Refuse Want Decide Hesitate Oer Seem Wish Demand Hope Plan StriveLISTENING COMPREHENSIONKUNCI UMUMKunci 1 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part) dengan baiksebelum hari- H ujian.Kunci 2 : Baca pilihan-pilihan jawaban pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika narratorsedang membacakan directions dan contoh soal (example)Kunci 3 : Dengarkan dengan penuh konsentrasi dan fokuskan perhatian Anda pada percakapan yangsedang Anda dengarkan.Kunci 4 : Maksimalkan kemampuan listening Anda pada soal-soal pertama pada masing-masing part.Kunci 5 : Fokuskan pendengaran Anda pada pembicara kedua.Kunci 6 : Jangan panik bila tidak bisa memahami kata demi kata dalam percakapan secara komplit.Anda hanya perlu menangkap ide atau isi percakapan.Kunci 7 : Bila Anda sama sekali tidak bisa memahami apa yang diucapkan pembicara kedua, pilihlahjawaban yang paling berbeda dari apa yang telah Anda dengar.Kunci 8 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk functional expression (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion,surprise), idiomatic expression, dan situasi ketika pembicaraan dilakukan.LONGER CONVERSATIONKunci 9 : Ketika narrator membacakan direction part B anda sebaiknya membaca pilihan jawabansecara sekilas kemudian mrekamnya dan memperkirakan tema apa yang akan menjadi perbincangan.Kunci 10 : ketika menyimak conversation, anda harus mengetahui apa tema/topic yang dibicarakanKunci 11 : waspadalah terhadap masing-masing pertanyaan.


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Kunci 12 : Cermati kondisi dan situasi yang terjadi selama percakapan berlangsung, yakni menyangkuttempat dan waktu pembicaraan, apa dan siapa yang dibicarakan.Kunci 13 : Bila anda memiliki waktu, lihatlah pilihan-pilihan jawban yang tertera pada lembar soal dantemukan kata kuncinya.Kunci 14 : Waspadailah pembicaraan pada kalimat-kalimat pertama karena biasanya akan menjaditopic bagi kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya.Kunci 15 : Fokuskan pendengaran anda pada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pertanyaan 5-wh (what,who, when, where, why) dan how.

Kunci 16 : buatlah kesiompulan\inferasi atas situasi yang terjadi saat pembicaraan dilakukan.

PENTING!!!

(PELAJARI EXPRESI-EXPRESI BERIKUT) Turned out well : sangat baik Watch your step : hati-hati Take it easy : santai aja Thats it : ya itu / beres Youve got to be kidding : menyatakan keterkejutan Make ones own mind : berpikir sendiri Stand on ones own foot : mandiriThanks for the a ention and forgive me any of my lacks! Good Luck!

MATERI B INGGRIS-TOEFL-READING COMPREHENSION

Oleh : Gun gun Maulana,S.Pd

Komentarpetel mengatakan:15/02/2013 pukul 16:14Thanks

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:50ok sama2

[email protected] mengatakan:17/03/2013 pukul 07:29I think your explanation is good

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:49thnx..

sakti mengatakan:07/04/2013 pukul 14:24nice post, thank a lot my bro

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:49ok smoga bermanfaat.

:)


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bertousman mengatakan:25/04/2013 pukul 03:56this site is very useful.. nice post =)

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:49ok thanx.

icutnadia mengatakan:15/05/2013 pukul 08:18ijin Re-Share yaa.. =]

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:48boleh silahkan aja

dennis mengatakan:23/08/2013 pukul 05:20terimakasih tips nyaa semoga sangat membantu ^^

Balasgungunmaulana mengatakan:11/12/2013 pukul 05:48sama2smoga membantu

Putra mengatakan:10/12/2013 pukul 13:12wow sangat membantu sekali di dalam menyelesaikan soal toe

Balasukie mengatakan:01/01/2014 pukul 11:50makasih infonya,ijin share ya

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Meraih Skore TOEFL 550.pdf

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