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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH MINYAK ATSIRI BIJI PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt)
MENGGUNAKAN METODE DESTILASI AIR TERHADAP
PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO
OLEH:
SITI SOFIATUL AINI
201510330311084
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2019
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HASIL PENELITIAN
Pengaruh Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Menggunakan
Metode Destilasi Air Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida Albicans Secara In
Vitro
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Ditujukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Untuk memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
Dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh:
SITI SOFIATUL AINI
201510330311084
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2019
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KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum wr. wb
Syukur Alhamdulillah saya panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang sudah
melimpahkan rahmat, taufik, serta hidayah-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan judul “PENGARUH MINYAK ATSIRI
BIJI PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) MENGGUNAKAN METODE
DESTILASI AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN C. albicans SECARA IN
VITRO”.
Adapun tujuan dari penulisan tugas akhir ini yaitu untuk memenuhi tugas
akhir di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Penulis
menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam tugas akhir ini,
baik dari segi bentuk penyusunan maupun materinya. Oleh karena itu, penulis
mengharapkan adanya saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun dari para
pembaca.
Akhir kata, penulis ucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah
membantu dan memberikan dukungannya, semoga amal kebaikan tersebut
dilipatgandakan pahalanya oleh Allah SWT.
Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Malang, 09 Juli 2019
Penulis
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UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH
1. Dr.dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya selama di Fakultas
Kedokteran UMM.
2. dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp.OG, selaku Wakil Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran
UMM atas bimbinganya selama di FK UMM.
3. dr. Sri Adila Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku Wakil Dekan II Fakultas
Kedokteran UMM atas bimbinganya selama di FKUMM.
4. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT-KL, selaku Wakil Dekan III Fakultas
Kedokteran UMM atas bimbinganya di FKUMM.
5. dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes., selaku pembimbing 1, atas kesabaran, kebaikan
hati, serta kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktu serta memberikan arahan dan
membimbing penulis sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan
baik.
6. dr. Pertiwi Febriana Chandrawati, M.Sc, Sp.A selaku pembimbing 2, atas
kebaikan hati, kesediaan dalam meluangkan waktunya ditengah kesibukan
yang padat, serta kesabara dalam membimbing penulis sehingga tugas akhir
ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
7. dr. Dwi Nurwulan Pravitasari, Sp.KK, selaku penguji tugas akhir ini, atas
segala masukan ,arahan, dan saran yang sangat bermanfaat dalam
pengerjaan tugas akhir sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan
baik.
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8. Seluruh staf TU Mbak Citra, Mbak Nuke, Mas Joko, Mas Didit, Ibu Endah
dan laboran, Mas Nyono, Ibu Patma, Pak Joko dan Mas Mifta yang bersedia
membantu setiap tahapan proses penelitian hingga tugas akhir ini selesai
9. Abah Syaiful, Umi Maimuna, Kak Muhammad Didik Sulaiman, Kak
Muhammad Ainol Yakin, Mbak Muflihah dan Adik Muhammad Erik
Setiawan, Dianatus Zahroh, Amalia Nurkhofifah, dan Muhammad Farid
Maulana, atas doa, dukungan, motivasi, yang tidak henti-hentinya kepada
penulis. Sebagai sumber semangat bagi penulis untuk menyelesaikan tugas
akhir ini dan mengapai cita-cita menjadi dokter.
10. Genk Coro Team dan Insyaallah Soleha, yang telah menjadi sahabat, kaka,
adik, bahkan keluarga yang sangat dekat saat sedang berjuang ditanah
rantau, yang telah menjadi tempat berkeluh kesah, selalu ada saat dalam
kondisi senang maupun sedih.
11. Mudrika Amalia,Inggit Ndaru, Putri Mumpuni Aswoko, Shazkia Rafsanjani,
Bayu Destiawan, Muhammad Furkan, sebagai teman seperjuangan yang
telah memberikan bantuan dan dukungan untuk penulis sehingga penulis
dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini
12. Segenap keluarga besar Scientific Medico, Forum Kajian Islam, yang telah
memberikan ilmu yang bermanfaat diluar proses perkuliahan.
13. Sejawat FK UMM angkatan 2015, Metacarpal, atas dukungan, bantuan, dan
kerjasamanya. Semoga kelak dapat menjadi dokter-dokter profesional yang
selalu diberikan keberkahan dalam pengabdiannya, dan sukses dunia
akhirat, serta senaantiasa dalam ketaatan kepada Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala.
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14. Semua pihak yang telah terlibat langsung maupun tidak langsung, terima
kasih atas bantuan dan dukungannya.
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ABSTRAK
Aini, Siti Sofiatul, 2019. Pengaruh Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans
Houtt) Menggunakan Metode Destilasi Air Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida
Albicans Secara In Vitro. Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Irma Suswati (2) Pertiwi
Febriana Candrawati
Latar belakang: Jamur dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit infeksi dan salah
satu spesies patogen penyebab kandidasis invasif yang banyak ditemui adalah
Candida albicans, yang dapat menyebabkan mortalitas tinggi sebesar 64,8% di
RSCM Jakarta. Minyak atsiri biji pala diduga memiliki kandungan yang dapat
menghambat dan membunuh Candida albicans, seperti monoterpen hydrokarbon
yang terdiri dari sabinen, α pinen, β pinen bekerja dengan cara merusak membran
sel, dinding sel, mitokondria, mengganggu sporulasi dan germinasi jamur.
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh minyak atsiri biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt)
menggunakan metode destilasi air terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara
in vitro.
Metode penelitian: Experimental post test only control group design,
menggunakan dilusi tabung dengan konsentrasi minyak atsiri biji pala (Myrisica
fragrans Houtt) 100%, 1,56%, 0,78%, 0,39%, 0,195%, 0,0975%, 0,04875%, 0%.
Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA, Post Hoc Tamhane, Korelasi
Pearson, dan regresi linier.
Diskusi dan Hasil: Nilai KHM 0,0975% dan KBM 0,195%. Uji One Way
ANOVA (p= 0,000) menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antar
perlakuan. Uji Post Hoc Tamhane didapatkan notasi berbeda antar perlakuan. Uji
Korelasi Pearson -0,961 (p = 0,000) artinya korelasi sangat kuat. Uji regresi linier,
adjusted R square 92,4%, artinya pemberian minyak atsiri biji pala berpengaruh
terhadap penurunan jumlah koloni Candida albicans. Hal tersebut dikarenakan
bahan aktif yang dimiliki biji pala yaitu sabinen, α pinen, dan β pinen yang
berfungsi sebagai antifungi
Kesimpulan: Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) berpengaruh
dalam menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara in vitro
Kata Kunci: Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala, Candida albicans, KHM, KBM.
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ABSTRACT
Aini, Siti Sofiatul. The effect of nutmeg Essential Oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt)
Using Water Destilation Method for Growth Candida albicans In Vitro.
Final Assignment, Faculty of Medicine of University of Muhammadiyah
Malang, Advisors: (1) Irma Suswati (2) Pertiwi Febriana Candrawati
Background: Fungi has been identified as the cause of various infections
diseases, one of the pathogenic species causes invasive candidasis which is
commonly found is Candida albicans, it can cause high mortality 64,8% in
RSCM Jakarta. Nutmeg essential oil indicited to contain that can obstruct and
destroy of Candida albicans, such hydrocarbon monoterpenes consisting of
sabinen, α pinen, β pinen, which could damage cell membranes, cell walls,
mitochondria, disrupting fungal sporulation and germination.
Purpose: To understand the effect of Nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans
Houtt) using a water distillation method for growth Candida albicans in vitro.
Research Methods: Experimental post test only control group design, using
dilution tubes with Essential oil of Nutmeg (Myrisica fragrans Houtt)
concentration 100%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39%, 0.195%, 0.0975%, 0, 04875%, 0%.
Data were analyzed by using One Way ANOVA test, Post Hoc Tamhane, Pearson
Correlation, and linear regression.
Discuss and Results: The MIC 0,0975% and MLC 0.195%. One Way ANOVA
test (p = 0,000) showed a significant difference between treatments. Tamhane Post
Hoc Test found different notations between treatments. Pearson Correlation Test -
0,961 (p = 0,000) it means has a very strong relation. Linear regression test,
showed adjusted R square 92.4%, it means by giving of nutmeg essential oils had
affected to decrease number of Candida albicans colonies. It cause by functioning
active ingredients of nutmeg are sabinen, α pinen, β pinen as antifungal.
Conclusion: The Essential Oil of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) had effect
obstructing and destroying the growth of Candida albicans in vitro.
Keyword: Essential Oil of Nutmeg, Candida albicans, MIC, MLC.
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
HASIL PENELITIAN ............................................................................................. ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN.................................................................................... iii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ................................................... iv
LEMBAR PENGUJI ............................................................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................ vi
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................................. vii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. x
ABSTRACK............................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN.................................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xix
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar belakang ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................. 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum .............................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus.............................................................................. 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................................. 3
1.4.1 Akademik ..................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Klinis ............................................................................................ 3
1.4.3 Masyarakat ................................................................................... 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 5
2.1 Pala ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Taksonomi pala ............................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Nama lain ..................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Morfologi tanaman Pala ............................................................... 6
2.1.4 Habitat dan distribusi geografis.................................................... 7
2.1.5 Kandungan kimia pala .................................................................. 7
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2.1.6 Manfaat pala ............................................................................... 10
2.2 Candida albicans................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Taksonomi .................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Nama lain ................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Morfologi dan identifikasi .......................................................... 12
2.3 Kandidiasis .......................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Definisi ....................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Etiologi ....................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Epidemiologi .............................................................................. 15
2.3.4 Patogenesis ................................................................................. 15
2.3.5 Manifestasi klinis ....................................................................... 19
2.3.6 Diagnosis .................................................................................... 21
2.3.7 Pengobatan ................................................................................. 22
2.3.8 Prognosis .................................................................................... 24
2.4 Antifungi ............................................................................................. 24
2.4.1 Mekanisme kerja antifungi ......................................................... 24
2.5 Uji kepekaan terhadap antifungi ......................................................... 26
2.5.1 Metode dilusi .............................................................................. 26
2.6 Cara penyulingan minya atsiri............................................................. 26
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS ............................................. 31
3.1 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................................ 31
3.2 Hipotesis .............................................................................................. 32
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN .......................................................................... 33
4.1 Rancangan penelitian .......................................................................... 33
4.2 Tempat dan waktu penelitian .............................................................. 33
4.3 Populasi dan sampel penelitian ........................................................... 33
4.3.1 Populasi ...................................................................................... 33
4.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................................ 33
4.3.3 Estimasi besar sampe ................................................................. 33
4.4 Variabel penelitian .............................................................................. 34
4.4.1 Variabel bebas ............................................................................ 34
4.4.2 Variabel terikat ........................................................................... 34
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4.4.3 Variabel kontrol.......................................................................... 34
4.5 Definisi operasional variabel ............................................................... 35
4.6 Instrumen penelitian ............................................................................ 36
4.6.1 Alat dan bahan pembuatan minyak atsiri biji pala ..................... 36
4.6.2 Alat dan bahan uji kepekaan minyak atsiri biji pala .................. 36
4.7 Prosedur penelitian .............................................................................. 37
4.7.1 Sterilisasi alat ............................................................................. 37
4.7.2 Pembuatan minyak atsiri biji pala .............................................. 37
4.7.3 Inokulasi Candida albicans ........................................................ 38
4.7.4 Persiapan mikroba uji ................................................................. 39
4.7.5 Uji efektifitas kepekaan larutan minyak atsiri biji pala (Myristica
fragrans Houtt) terhadap Candida albicans............................... 39
4.8 Alur penelitian ..................................................................................... 42
4.9 Analisis data ........................................................................................ 43
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA ...................................... 44
5.1.Efek Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) terhadap
Candida albicans................................................................................. 44
5.2.KHM Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) terhadap
Candida albicans................................................................................. 44
5.3. KBM Minyak Atsiri Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) terhadap
Candida albicans................................................................................. 45
5.4.Pengaruh perlakuan konsentrasi minyak atsiri biji pala (Myristica
fragrans Houtt) terhadap pertumbuhan C. albicans............................ 46
5.4.1 Uji Normalitas Shapiro Wilk Tes ............................................... 46
5.4.2 Uji Homogenitas Levene Tes ..................................................... 47
5.4.3 Uji One way Anova .................................................................... 47
5.4.4 Uji Post Hoc Tamhane ............................................................... 47
5.4.5 Uji Korelasi Pearson................................................................... 48
5.4.6 Uji Regresi Linier ....................................................................... 48
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ....................................................................................... 51
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................. 55
7.1. Kesimpulan......................................................................................... 55
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7.2. Saran ................................................................................................... 55
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 56
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 64
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
2.1 Komposisi kimia biji pla dan metode pengolahan ............................................ 8
2.2 Kandungan α pinen, β pinen, sabinen ............................................................... 9
2.3 Komposisi kimia biji pala hasil penelitian ...................................................... 29
4.1 Definisi operasional......................................................................................... 35
5.1 Tingkat Kejernihan Tabung Dilusi .................................................................. 44
5.2 Pertumbuhan Koloni Jamur C. albicans dalam beberapa konsentrasi minyak
atsiri ................................................................................................................. 45
5.3 Uji Normalitas Shapiro Wilk ........................................................................... 46
5.4 Uji Homogenitas (Levene Test) ....................................................................... 47
5.5 Hasil Uji One Way Anova ............................................................................... 47
5.6 Uji Post Hoc Tamhane .................................................................................... 47
5.7 Hasil Uji Korelasi Pearson ............................................................................. 48
5.8 Hasil Uji Regresi Linier .................................................................................. 48
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Pala .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Struktur Biofilm Candida albicans hasil mikroskop elektron ........................ 12
2.3 Candida, a)bentuk khamir, b)bentuk pseudohifa, c)bentuk hifa ..................... 13
2.4 Struktur dinding sel C. albicans ...................................................................... 13
3.1 Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................................ 31
4.1 Penuangan minyak pada media ....................................................................... 40
4.2 Colony counter dengan skala hitung ............................................................... 42
4.3 Alur penelitian penetuan KHM dan KBM ...................................................... 42
5.1 Grafik uji regresi ............................................................................................. 50
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
C.albicans : Candida albicans
KBM : Kadar Bunuh Minimum
KHM : Kadar Hambat Minimum
GC-MS : Gas Chromatoghraphy-Mass Spectrometri
SDA : Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
SDB : Sabouraud Dextrose Broth
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
Lampiran 1 : Hasil analisis data SPSS .................................................................. 64
Lampiran 2 : Hasil Pengamatan KHM, KBM, dan Dokumentasi ......................... 67
Lampiran 3 : Surat Determinasi Pala .................................................................... 72
Lampiran 4 : Surat Izin penelitian ......................................................................... 73
Lampiran 5 : Ethical clearance .............................................................................. 74
Lampiran 6 : Surat lolos kaji ilmiah (Mears) ........................................................ 75
Lampiran 7 : Surat izin selesai penelitian ............................................................. 76
Lampiran 8 : Lembar konsultasi tugas akhir ......................................................... 77
Lampiran 9 : Surat lolos plagiasi........................................................................... 78
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