Materi English

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BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB I : TENSES

A. Pengantar Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakan hanya 12 macam yaitu :

B. Present 1. Simple Present Tense a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + V1 +___ SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___ I He You She We It They

They go to work by bus everyday. He earns his living by selling books. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. 2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung We watch television in the evening 3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya. When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens quietly….. c. Keterangan waktu Every morning/day/week/month/year Once, twice, three times, four times Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually, Sometimes, often, never, seldom.

2. Present Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing (is, am, are)

Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now.

BINA ARTHA CENDEKIA1


b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang. They are still playing at moment. 2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan. She is studying English and learning French this year.

Catatan : Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain: Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe) Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish) Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean, perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand) c. Keterangan Waktu Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today. Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative)

3. Present Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____ I have seen the wolves in the forest. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau

(waktunya tidak tertentu) John Smith has written a number of short stories. 2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang. I have gone to Bali. 3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja

berakhir waktu bicara. I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu) c. Keterangan Waktu Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far(hingga

kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang).

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing We have been studying English for six years. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan.



Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour. 2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama

dengan Present Perfect. I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two

years (I still live in Jakarta now) c. Keterangan Waktu For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now.

C. Past 1. Simple Past Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____ He presented his paper at seminar yesterday. Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa

lampau. He met Lina yesterday. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. He always carried his umbrella last season. c. Keterangan Waktu Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday 2.Past Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing She was reading the magazine when he came. While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau. His wife was cooking in the kitchen. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu

lampau di mana kejadian laimterjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang diawali dengan When/While/as.

When I was walking to school, I met Ana. As she was having breakfast the phone rang. Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to

school,as she was having breakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain terjadi.

c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapi keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.

I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t). They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy). 3. Past Perfect Tense



a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAD + V-3 The thief had escaped when police came. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya

muncul di masa lampau . They went home after they had finished the work. 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga

kedua terjadi pada waktu lampau. The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived. 3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa

kedua muncul di waktu lampau. His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the

hospital. c. Keterangan Waktu When + clause (past tenses). 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga

peristiwa lain muncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa.

a. Pola Kalimat SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II Broke out. b. Fungsi Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat

tertentu pada waktu lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai.

Contoh : 1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended. John worked there. He worked there for five years. Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know

whether John would still work there or not after the war).

D. Future 1. Future Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____ The examonation will start next week. b. Fungsi



1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely.

(I’m sure ) he will pass the exam. 2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi. I’ll come back the day after tommorow. 3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauan I will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia). 4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang

akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang. The Prime Minister will open the museum next week. 5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’. She will study hard. 6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena

keinginan atau kehendak subjek (pelaku). I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will. He will be twenty-five next month.

2. Future Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____ She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika

peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya. This time next week U will be studying hard. 2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang

sama mendatang. Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future Continuous

The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore. c. Keterangan Waktu When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three

o’clock tommorow. 3. Future Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 + _____ By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel. b. Fungsi 1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa

berikutnya terjadi yang akan datang. Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi. The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts. 2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas

lain terjadi yang akan datang. He will have run for five hours by the time of finish.



c. Keterangan Waktu By then : menjelang waktu By ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year By the end of = …= menjelang akhir… Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun. Before + clause (present), when + clause (present). 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan

telah berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di waktu yang akan datang.

a.Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____ We will have been studying English for six years next year. b. Keterangan Waktu By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1.‘What are you looking for?’ ‘My wallet; I don’t know where I ____ it’.

A.have been puttingB.am puttingC.had putD.was puttingE.have put

2. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he?A.had worked

B.has been workingC.was workingD.would workE.worked

3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.A.am only wearing.

B.was only wearing.C. had only been wearing.D.have only been wearing.E.only wearing.



4. ‘So, you have finished typing those letters! When did you do it?” ‘When you ____the meeting.’

A.were attendingB.attendC.have attendedD.attendedE.had attended

5. ‘Several hotels in this region are closing down.’ ‘That’s because tourism itself____since last year.’A.is decliningB.had decliningC.declinedD.was decliningE.has been declining

6. ‘Don’t you think the bus driver is speeding ?’ ‘Yes, I ‘m afraid he____the lives of the passengers’.

A.endangeredB.will endangeredC.would have endangeredD.endangersE.would endanger

7. ‘While living in Bogor, we always went to this school on foot.’ This means that we___on foot while we were living in Bogor.

A.go to schoolB.are going to schoolC.used to go to schoolD.are used to going to schoolE.liked going to school

8. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’ ‘all right, come at 10 o’clock, and I__teaching by then.’

A.will have finishedB.have finishedC.am finishingD.will be finishingE.will have been finishing

9. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed.

A.had lookedB.was looking



C.lookedD.am lookingE.have been looking

10. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field? Willy : In June, after the harvest time. Ridwan : Are they? So, by the time they get there, the famers …

A.harvestB.harvestedC.has harvestedD.had harvestedE.will have harvested.



BAB II : ELLIPTIC AND PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION

A. Pengantar Kalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat.

B. Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip Kalimat elip dapat dibentuk dengan cara, antara lain dengan menggunakan : 1. and…too;and so…(dan….juga;dan demikian juga …) and …too;and so… digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang

memiliki kesamaan. Adapun cara membuat bentuk elip dengan memakai to be auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu).

Contoh a. Tony is playing football. Rudy is playing football. =Tony is playing football and Rudy is too. =Tony is playing football and so is Rudy. b. He can speak English well. She can speak English well. =He can speak English well and she can too. =He can speak English well and so can she. c. They work very hard. She work very hard. =He work very hard and she does too. =He work very hard and so does she. d. he passed the final examination. She passed the final examination. =He passed the final examination and she did too. =He passed the final examination and so did she. e. he has finished the work. I have finished the work. =He has finished the work and I have too. =He has finished the work and so have I. f. He has many books. I have many books. =He has many books and I do too. =He has many books and so do I. g. She had bought a dictionary. He had bought a dictionary. =She had bought a dictionary and he had too. =She had bought a dictionary and so had he. h. She had a new bag. He had new bag. =She had a new bag and he did too. =She had a new bag and so did he. i. She has to study regularly. We have to study regularly. =She has to study regulrly and we do too. =She has to study regularly and so do we. 2. and neither….;and…either (juga) and neither ….;and …..either juga digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negatif. Contoh :



a. He isn’t studying English. She isn’t studying English. =He isn’t studying English and neither is she. =He isn’t studying English and she isn’t either. b. He didn’t do the exercise. She didn’t do the exercise . =He didn’t do the exercise and neither did she. =He didn’t do the exercise and she didn’t either. 3. But (tetapi) But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan. Contoh : He isn’t studying English. She is studying English. =He isn’t studying English but she is. 4. Both….and (keduanya). Contoh : a. He painted the door. He painted the window. =He painted both the door and the window. b. Heni is in the thrid year. Sita is in the thrid year. =Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year. 5. Either …or..(baik ..ataupun…./salahsatu). Contoh : c. Rini forgot where she put her new dictionary. =Isn’t either in living room or in the bedroom. 6. Neither ….nor…(baik…maupun…tidak). Contoh : a. He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor. =He is neither a teacher nor a doctor. b. He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say the rude things. =Neither he nor they say the rude things. =Neither they nor he says the rude things. 7. And (dan) Contoh : I will write a letter. I will write a short story. =I will write a letter and short story. 8. Or (atau) Contoh : a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film? =Does he buy a black and white or colour film? b. You can go by bus. You can go by taxi. =You can go by bus or taxi. 9. Whether…or not(baik…atau tidak) Contoh : I will give you the money although you need it or you don’t need it. =I will give you the money whether you need it or not.

C. Susunan Elliptic Dalam Klausa. Susunsn Elliptic biasanya digunakan dalam dependent dan independent clause bila kedua subjeknya sama.



Contoh : a. Mary was poor but she was honest. =Mary was poor but honest. b. Although she was given everything, she was never satisfied. = Although given everything, she was never satisfied. c. However he is busy, he always comes on time. =However busy, he always comes on time. d. If you are sleepy, you may go to sleep. =If sleepy, you may go to sleep. e. While she was cooking,she listened to the radio. =While cooking, she listened to the radio. f. I saw him when she was crossing the road. =I saw him crossing the road. g. Nani washed the dresses and she hang them. =Nani washed and hang the dresses. h. When you stop a car, you always use a hand signal. =When stopping a car, you always use a hand signal. i. Before I eat, I always say a short prayer. =Before eating the meal, I always say a short prayer.


1. Please remind me to return the book and___library card.A.that I renew B.to renew C.I must renewD.renewingE.have to renew

2. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___A.canB.tellsC.didD.doesE.him

3. I think my mother will be interested in reading this novel,but ____A.so will my fatherB.my father won’tC.so does my fatherD.my mother is notE.my father will be

4. “Ridwan believes that advertisement on TV is the most effective”.”__”



A.as I do B.the same I doC.so do ID.I do alsoE.so do I



BAB III : SUBJUNCTIVE A. Pengantar Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense, baik Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.

B.Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta a. Present Subjunctive Kalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah ‘were’. Contoh : 1. I wish she were here. (faktanya : she isn’t here). 2. He wishes I went to the meeting . (faktanya : I don’t go to the meeting). 3. If only they were my friends. (faktanya : They aren’t my friends) 4. If only he didn’t ask me (faktanya : He asks me). 5. I would rather you told me the news. (faktanya : You don’t tell me the news). 6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : He isn’t the owner of the hotel). 7. She stares at me as though she didn’t know me. (faktanya : She knows me) b. Past Subjunctive Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau. Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense. Contoh : 1. I wish she had been here. (faktanya : She wasn’t here). He wishes I had gone to the meeting. (faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting). 2. If only they had been my friends. (faktanya : They were not my friends). 3. If only he hadn’t asked me. (faktanya : He asked me). 4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday. (faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday)



I would rather you had told me the news. (faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news). 5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel). She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me. (faktanya : She knew me).

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Fatimah wished … to buy the book.A. she had enough moneyB. she had had enough moneyC. she has had enough moneyD. she will have enough moneyE. she has enough money

2. If only she … me about her problem yesterday.A. toldB. has toldC. had toldD. tellsE. was telling

3. I am thirsty. The subjunctive is ….A. I wish I am not thirsty.B. I wish I was not thirsty.C. I wish I were not thirsty. D. I wish I were thirstyE. I wish I was thirsty.

4. He wishes it … a holiday today.A. had beenB. wereC. wasD. beE. is

5. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle.A. will have boughtB. had boughtC. boughtD. buyE. buys

6. My uncle wishes I had not gone to the cinema. It means ….A. I am going to go to the cinema.



B. I went to the cinema.C. I would go to the cinema.D. I have not gone to the cinema.E. I did not go to the cinema.

7. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now.A. has taughtB. is teachingC. had taughtD. teachesE. taught

8. She acts as though she … the manager of the store.A. is beingB. isC. has beenD. wereE. was

9. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation.A. don’t doB. didn’t doC. didn’tD. doE. haven’t done

10.”I am sorry I don’t know the answer , but I really wish I ….A. had knewB. will knewC. knewD. knowE. have known



BAB IV : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION

A. Verb Ciri-ciri kata kerja Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kata Benda. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja. Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain : a. Inflectional Suffixes Akhiran –s,-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal, akhiran –d,-ed

dalam bentuk lampau, tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d.-ed pada Past participle.

Contoh : 1. Rita thinks that we are fishing. 2. Surely he means something. 3. Finally he realized what happened. b. Position Kata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Posisi pada

permulaan kalimat dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please, Let’s or Don’t + V 1. Contoh : 1. Please open your dictionary. 2. Don’t be afraid, little girl. 3.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest. Kata kerja dapat pula terjadi dalam posisi antara dua kata benda atau antara subjek

dan objek. Contoh : 1. My friend bought books in the bookstore. 2. The men watched the football match. c. Auxiliary verbs Kata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu). 1. Can / could must May / might dare Shall / should need + V-1 Will / would (had) better/ best Do/does/did

2. Is / am / are / was / wereGet / gets / got + V-ingKeep / keeps / kept

3. Is / am/ are / was / wereGet / gets /got + V-3Have / has /had

4. Have / has/ had toOught to + V-1Used to



Is / am / are / was /were to

d. Derivational suffixes and prefixes : Kata kerja dapat pula dikenali dengan derivational suffixes and prefixes dalam pembentukan kata kerja. AFFIXS EXAMPLE -en hasten, strengthen -ze, -ize apologize, standardize -fy, -ify, -efy beautify, solidify, liquefy en- encircle, enjoy

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage!

Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication is very great. Less adaptable to to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon speech. Radio, television, and the telephone are only a few.

1. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage?A. Signs, Signals, and SymbolsB. GesturesC. CommunicationD. SpeechE. Culture

2. Applauding was citied as an example of ….A. a gestureB. a symbolC. a signal



D. a signE. an attitude

3. According to the passage, what is a signal?A. The most difficult form of communication to describe.B. A form of communication which may be used across long distances.C. A form of communication that interrupts the environment.D. The form of communication most related to cultural perception.E. Same as speech.

4. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?A. Because people were unable to understand signs, symbols, and signalsB. Because people wanted to communicate across long distances C. Because people believed that signals, signs, and symbols are obsoleteD. Because people wanted new forms of entertainmentE. Yet people love them

5. It may be concluded from this passage that ….A. signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are forms of communicationB. symbols are very easy to define and interpretC. only some cultures have signals, signs, and symbolsD. waving and handshaking are not related to cultureE. communication is important

Next questions are not related with the passage above.6. Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late.

A. listedB. requestedC. obligatedD. loadedE. overloaded

7. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain. A. gulpB. flipC. yelpD. purrE. in

8. Vendors must have a license.A. People employed in food service B. People who drive a carC. People engaged in sellingD. People who work in hospital E. People who sell his self



9. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs.A. confiscatedB. discardedC. concealedD. destroyedE. like

10. Because of the extreme pressure underwater, divers are often sluggish. A. slowB. hurtC. carefulD. worriedE. careless

11. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free.A. purchaseB. verifyC. exchange D. obtainE. classify

12. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into during the work.

A. forget to doB. pay forC. meet unexpectedlyD. add onE. go on



BAB V : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Pengantar Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause. Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang.

Perbedaan letak main Clause ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti. Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause

tidak. Modal yang paling sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to” dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat pengandaiannya.

Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan.

Contoh : Main Clause If Clause 1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me 2. We shall go together if We have enough time Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian

belakang kalimat, sehingga susunannya menjadi : 1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party 2. If we have enough time, we shall go together.

B. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional a. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences) Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada

waktu yang akan datang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clause semuanya dalm bentuk present.

Contoh : 1. They will visit you if you meet them. (Artinya : They may visit you, you may meet they). 2. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad, (Artinya : I may go for a swim, the weather may not be bad). b.Tipe II Kalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan

fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To be untuk semua pronoun adalah “were”.

Contoh : 1. They would visit you if you met them. (Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them). 2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad. (artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad). c. Tipe III



Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau, digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past Perfect Tense.

Contoh : 1. They would have visited you if you had met them. (Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them). 2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad. (Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad).

C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa If If Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. Kata-

kata lain yang mempunyai makna setara adalah : ‘on condition that’ (dengan syarat bahwa), ‘provided that’ (asalkan) dan ‘unless’

(kecuali jika).

If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III.

Contoh : 1. We shall go if we have enough time. We shall go on condition that we have enough time. We shall go provided that we have enough time. We shall not go unless we have enough time. 2. If she were sick, she couldn’t do the work. Were she sick, she couldn’t do the work. 3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together. Had we had enough time we should gone together.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. He ___ come if you call him.A. wouldB. would haveC. would ratherD. willE. will have

2. I won’t come if you ___ me.A. don’t inviteB. did not inviteC. have been invitationD. has been invitedE. have invite



3. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to.A. canB. wouldC. shouldD. would haveE. would have been

4. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there.It means .___.

A. She arrives at the station on timeB. She came late to the stationC. She did not miss the trainD. Her father did not drive her to the stationE. She didn’t go to the station

5. If it ___ today, I would not go to the school.A. rainedB. rainsC. had rainedD. rainE. will rain

6. It’s very cold and windy outside. If you don’t have a coat, you ___ borrow mine.A. couldB. shallC. canD. mightE. must

7. Unless his father ___ him there, he would not have arrived at the station on time.A. has driveB. has drivenC. drivesD. had drivenE. driving

8. If my mother ___ the money, I ___ the book.A. had given, would buyB. gives, shall buyC. gave, would have boughtD. gave, will buyE. gives, would buy

9. Had I not been given the book, I would have failed the test. This sentence means __.A. I fail the test



B. I failed the testC. I passed the testD. I was not given the bookE. I gave the book

10. ___, I might borrow it from him.A. If his this novelB. If the novel himC. If his the novelD. Were the novel isE. The novel were his

11. When the boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten. We can conclude that __.A. If he had not run away, he wouldn’t have been bittenB. If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bittenC. If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be bittenD. Unless he run away, he wouldn’t be the bittenE, If he hasn’t run away, he shouldn’t be bitten

12. We won’t be able to go to the football game ___ we can still get tickets.A. ifB. whetherC. unlessD. butE. yet

13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ___ my car.A. would not have lent himB. did not lend himC. will not lend himD. hadn’t lent himE. wouldn’t lent him

14. I deposit all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ___ it on things that I did not really need.

A. will spendB. would have spentC. can spendD. could spendE. am going to spend



BAB VI : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET

Pengantar Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk

menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah. Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya.

A. Susunan causative Have dan Get a. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktif Di sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. Adapun susunan

kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2

Contoh : I have the mechanic repair my car (Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya). Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2

Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room. (Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya). b. Causative have dan get dengan objek pasif Dalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu

terhadap objek penderita. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O + V-3

Contoh : The manager had the letter typed soon. (Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera). Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut : S + get + O + V-3

Contoh : I get my trousers shortened (Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)



SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I’ve got to have her ___.A. accompaniedB. to accompanyC. accompanyingD. to accompanyingE. accompany

2. I’ll get my sister ___ my new dress.A. sewB. sewedC. sewsD. to sewE. sewing

3. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass.A. plantB. plantsC. plantedD. plantingE. to plant

4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement.A. readingB. to readC. to readingD. readsE. read

5. “Choki is a lazy boy.”“Yes, he always wants ___ for him.

A. to have everything doneB. everything having been doneC. have everything doneD. to has everything doneE. everything has done

6. “Is your car new?”“No, I ___ at my brother’s garage.”

A. only had it paintedB. had only painted itC. had been asked to paint itD. only to had it paintedE. just has it painted



7. We are going on a long trip, so we must ___.A. have checked the carB. have the car checkedC. to have the car checkedD. had the car checkedE. have had the car checked

8. I’ll have my secretary ___ an appointment with Mr. Salim for next week.A. madeB. makeC. to makeD. makingE. makes

9. I don’t know how to arrange these flowers. I’d rather ___.A. do itB. have to do itC. have it doneD. have done itE. it has been done

10. “This English text on Accounting is too difficult for me to read.”“ Well, you’d better ___.”

A. translate itB. to translateC. have it translatedD. have translate itE. it translate



BAB VII : INFINITIVE

A. Pengantar Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak

menggunakn to. Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to.

B. Penggunaan To Infinitive a. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice. b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas) To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari : 1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun) Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink. 2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective) Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news. 3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb) Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference. 4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-

Word Or a WH-Phrases). Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business.

C. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitive Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive Advise force mean want Allow hope need wish Ask intend permit would like Bag invite promise tell Decide instruct propose teach Expect learn warn urge Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___ Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____

Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday.

D. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive) a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must).



b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better (sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka) Contoh : 1. We had better tell him that you list it. 2. she would rather go than stay at home c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk passive. Contoh : 1. She saw the boy steal the money 2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom 3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-

infinitive (dalam bentuk pasif). Contoh : 1. She was heard to leave the house 2. He was found to smoke in the class KECUALI : let Contoh : 1. They let him go Passive : He was let go 2. He lets Amir enter the room. Passive : Amir is let enter the room d. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to : Feel hear see look at Get make watch let Have notice know listen to Help observe Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing,

kecuali : let have, know, dan help. Contoh : 1. They saw the thief run away. I saw the thief running away. 2. I notice him sleep under the tree. 3. She heard the boy call for help. Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian

ini terletak pada sempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. Kata kerja bentuk –ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. Sedang bentuk infinitive tanpa to menunjukkan lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut, sejak dari awal sampai akhir

e. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc. Contoh : It is important that she take the course Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas

didahului oleh “should”. Contoh :



1. I suggest that they should take a vacation 2. It is important that we should take a vacation

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I called you up this morning ___ you about the news.A. tellB. tellingC. to tellD. toldE. to telling

2. It’s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don’t practice.A. spellingB. spelledC. spellsD. to spellE. spell

3. The girl begged the robber ___.A. not to take her moneyB. don’t take my moneyC. do not take my moneyD. didn’t take my moneyE. did not take my money

4. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?”“ ___ together in library.

A. We studyB. StudyingC. In studyingD. StudiedE. To study

5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __.A. cryingB. to cryC. cryD. criedE. has been cried

6. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship.A. helpB. helpingC. I will helpD. I’m helping



E. to help

7. “What are you planning to do with all these paintings?”“ ___ them in the cultural center next month.”

A. To exhibitB. To be exhibitingC. ExhibitionD. We exhibitE. Be exhibiting

8. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful.

A. keptB. they keepC. for keepingD. to keepE. keeping

9. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver __.A. not to speedB. do not speedC. didn’t speedD. did not speedE. don’t speed

10. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air.A. getB. to getC. be gettingD. gettingE. gets



BAB VIII : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT

Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu. Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.

Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to).

A. Modal 1. Can 2. Could a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau. b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young.

3. May 4. Might a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) a. Bentuk lampau dari may Contoh : May I read this book? Contoh : She said that I might go b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) home early Contoh : He may come late this morning b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar (strong possibility). Contoh : She might be at home today. 5. Must a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity) Contoh : We must eat nutrious food. b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion) Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently

B. Modal Perfect 1. Must + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi

pada waktu lampau. (past conclusion). Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night. 2. Might + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility). Contoh : Lany came late this morning, she might hve missed the bus. 3 .Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past

suggestion). Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She should

have been studying for her exam. 4. Could + have + V-3 Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu

lampau tetapi tidak digunakan. Contoh : We didn’t go out last night ; we could have gone to the cinema but we decided to

stay at home.



Mrs.Nancy was rich; she could have bought a motor car if she wanted.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. It ___ rain tomorrow.A. mayB. shouldC. wouldD. shouldn’t haveE. bring

2. You’ve got a lot of time. You ___ to hurry.A. don’t haveB. do C. haveD. mayE. can

3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance.A. wouldn’tB. must notC. might notD. could notE. shouldn’t

4. They ___ discussing the matter when I came.A. areB. wasC. wereD. hadE. been

5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded.A. can’tB. couldn’t C. isn’t able toD. wasn’t able toE. had been

6. He ___ not paint the whole building in one day.A. shouldB. mayC. doesn’tD. shallE. can



7. It’s raining very hard. We ___ go out.A. ought notB. don’t have toC. canD. had better notE. should

8. There was a lot of work to do. He ___ gone home so early.A. mustn’t haveB. wouldn’t haveC. might not haveD. couldn’t haveE. shouldn’t have

9. It’s very quiet here. The children ___ be sleeping.A. shouldB. mustC. must have beenD. could haveE. will

10. ___ you ___ long when he finally arrived?A. Did; waitB. Could; have waitedC. Had; been waitingD. Do; waitE. Have; been waiting



BAB IX : CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

A. Pengantar Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase

atau kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.

B. Jenis-Jenis Concord : a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang) Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang

yang menunjukkan. Contoh : 1. John is my brother. He is a doctor. (Concord : John … he ) 2. The girl under the tree waved her hand. (Concord : went…last week) b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses) dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata

keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya. 1. They go to the movie every week (Concord : go……everyweek) 2. They went to the movie last week. (Concord : went …last week) c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah) Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara : 1. Subjek dan Predikat : PREDIKAT SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb I am do have go We, You, They are do have go He, She, It is does has goes Contoh : 1. He has finished reading the book (Concord : He…has) 2. We go to school by bus (Concord : Betty…goes) Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila

dipandang kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya.

Contoh : 1. The team is good. 2. The team are playing seriuously. 3. The village has been visited by the president. 4. The Village have worked hard for a week. Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat

bentuk tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. Contoh



1. Everybody was running as fast as they could 2. No one knows where their king puts the crown Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat

(to be atau kata kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics, economics, phonetics, optics, statistics.

Contoh : Billiards is an easy game. Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal. Contoh : Five hundred miles is quite far for them. Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap

tunggal. Contoh : Romeo and Juliet is a good story.

Tetapi :1. The number of workers takes a rest.2. A number of cards are painted red.

Noun and attributive : No. Attributive Noun Uncountable Tunggal Jamak 1. a / an - v - 2. the v v v 3. some v - v 4. many - - v 5. much v - - 6. few - - v 7. little v - - 8. a lot of v - v 9. this / that v v - 10. these / those - - v 11. each / every - v - 12. all of v v v 13. one - v - 14. two / three / four - - v Contoh : This man is my brother.

Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangan tersebut.

Contoh : Two hundred two hundred books d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin) Contoh : John is my brother. He is a good student.



SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses.A. hersB. no word addedC. herselfD. herE. she

2. The committee has begun ____ meeting.A. herB. hisC. theirD. its E. ours

3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song.

A. has becomeB. have becomeC. it has becomeD. to have becomeE. having become

4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year.A. isB. areC. wasD. wereE. will

5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___.A. it needs reviewingB. needs to be reviewedC. need to reviewD. is needed to be reviewedE. needs review

6. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice.

A. are coveredB. has coveredC. is coveredD. had coveredE. to be covered



7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city.

A. confirmB. to be confirmedC. is confirmedD. are confirmedE. confirms

8. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies.

A. Both of themB. One of themC. The tree of themD. Siti and her brotherE. Siti and her sister

9. Mrs. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher.

A. has earnedB. to have earnedC. have been earningD. have earnedE. have to earne

10. At the beginning of d semester, each of the students ___ given a new time-table.A. isB. be C. he isD. they areE. are



BAB X : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY

A. Noun Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris. Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain : a. Inflectional Suffixes Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis

kata benda yang mendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s.’

Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister. b. Position : Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu

posisi adalah sebelum kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek.

Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps. c. Deteminers : Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda. Contoh : a its each many more An our every much most The their no few one My this both several two Your that some either ten His these any neither twenty-one Those all Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains. d. Derivational Suffixes Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata

yang mendapatkan akhiran. Suffix Verb Noun -ment improve improvement -er, -or play player invent inventor -t complain complaint -ion, -tion act action -ation, -tion apply application compete competition -ance,-ence allow allowance -ist, -ant, -ent type typist apply applicant serve servant -al approve approval -ure, -ture, depart departure mix mixture -ature sign signature



-y, -ery, -ary deliver delivery -age carry carriage

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

The text for number 1 to 5.Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they fell that the world’s land, water, and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. This view however , is often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . ____(3) conflicts often exist between government policies ____(4) birth control people’s practices. Looking at three ____(5) countries, India, China, and Kenya, we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with.

1. A. assetsB. suppliesC. conditionsD. alternativesE. demands

2. A. agreementB. counterpartC. contributionD. oppositionE. approval

3. A. consequentlyB. in additionC. otherwiseD. moreoverE. nevertheless

4. A. due toB. regardingC. resulting inD. referringE. caused by

5. A. developB. developedC. developing D. to developingE. development



This text for number 6 to 9Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, but it is always faithful to principle. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If this natural principle is upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other words, a building should be inspired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural environment. It should maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors.

6. What is another name for organic architecture?A. Natural architectureB. Aesthetic architectureC. Principle architectureD. Varied architectureE. Mixed architecture

7. In organic architecture, which of the following of is true?A. form follows functionB. function follows formC. function is not important to formD. form and function are oneE. no comment

8. A good example of natural principles is a ___.A. bank that is built to look like a Greek templeB. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structureC. bank that is built to conform to the natural surroundingD. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functionalE. the sweaty bank

9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?A. Nature should be conquered.B. Nature should not be consideredC. Nature should be respectedD. Nature should be improvedE. Nature should be broken



BAB XI : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. Pengantar Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat

dalam kalimat majemuk. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who, whom, atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose.

1. Non-defening Adjective Clause a. Who : menggantikan subjek orang Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week. b. Whom : menggantikan objek orang Cth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday. c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang. Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father. d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Cth : Linda told me her address. f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang Cth : The book is mine. It’s cover is torn. 2. Defening adjective clause a. Who, that : menggantikan subjek orang Contoh : That boy is a new student; He is speaking English with Santi. b. Whom, that : menggantikan objek orang. Contoh : That man is a manager; she introduced him to me. That man whom she introduced to me is manager. That man that she introduced to me is manager. That man she introduced to me is a manager. c. Which,that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang. Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. It belongs to Rina. d. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. I showed it to Lina yesterday. B. Adverb Clause Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan)

dalam kalimat majemuk. Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb yaitu : a. Adverbial clause of time Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as,

as soon as, until, while. b. Adverbial clause of place Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever c. Adverbial clause of reason Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for d. Adverbial clause of purpose Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that.



e. Adverbial clause of consession Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough,

while atau wherleas. f. Adverbial clause.of condition Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on

condition that. C. Noun Clause Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek,

objek maupun pelengkap. a. Sebagai subjek Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy. b. Sebagai objek Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them. c. Sebagai pelengkap contoh : This is where I work.


1. He asked me ___A. whether I grew my own vegetablesB. you grow your own vegetablesC. did I grow my own vegetables?D. I grew my own vegetablesE.If I did grow my own vegetables?

2. He is only one of my friend___French.A. that studiesB.that studyC. studiesD. who studyE. study

3. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company.A. whomB. whoC. whichD. with whomE. whose

4. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teacher like him.

The above sentences can be joined as follows:The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship.A. whom the techers like



B. he is like by the teachersC.the teachers like himD. which the teachers likeE. is like by the teacher

5. His supervisor___, is a very genereous person.A. he borrowed a car from him.B. where he borrowed a carC. from whom he borrowed a carD. his car he borrowedE. the person he borrowed a car

6. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity.A. whetherB. thatC. in caseD. whatE. in fact

7. The book ___ is only available in the library.A. From which these two chapter sre takenB. These two chapter are takenC. Where these two chapter are taken fromD. It was from them are two chapter areE. The two chapter are taken

8. This is Mr. Tasroni ___.A. which i told youB. whom I told you aboutC. I told youD. that I told youE. about which I told you

9. The tourist asked me___A. where the nearest bank isB. the nearest bankC. where is the nearest bankD. which the nearest bank isE. that is the nearest bank

10. ‘ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?’‘I am also wondering___.

A. that she has earned her livingB. what she was earning a living forC. why does she earn her living?D. how she earns her livingE. does she earn a living



BAB XII : GERUND

A. Pengantar Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund

bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.

B. Fungsi Gerund 1. Sebagai Subjek Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby. 2. .Sebagai Objek Contoh : I don’t like smoking Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund : Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan) Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan) Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus) Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan) Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan) Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan) Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda) Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan) Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah) Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan) Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko) Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami) b. Objek kata depan (preposisi) Contoh : He gave up drinking beer Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of,

under, up, though, about, without, for, and to. Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‘to’ karena di samping ‘infinitive’.

Karena itu untuk mempermudah memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk ‘to’ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini :

To be used to (terbiasa) to take to (menyukai) To be accustomed to (terbiasa) to look forward to (menanti-nanti) To object to (berkeberatan) to be averse to (terbiasa) Contoh : 1. I am used to drinking coffe. c. Sebagai Komplemen Contoh : My hobby is drawing. Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were) d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier : Contoh : the waiting room is very large. e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan Contoh : No smoking



C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive : Advise intend Allow love Attempt prefer Begin regret Continue remember Forget start Hate stop Like try

Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund dan to-infinitive.

Contoh : I stop to smoke (Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok). I stop smoking. (Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain).

D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle : Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing

Sekalipun bentuknya sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti, gerund mengandung makna : “peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”.

Contoh : 1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle) (The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar) 2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund) (Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal) 3. The walking man wants to meet you. (Activeparticiple) (orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu) 4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund) (orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective : Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan

pronoun bentuk object. Contoh : Her coming late makes her mother angry.

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else?

A. to putB. to puttingC. puttingD. putE. puts



2. X : “Do you like swimming?”Y : “NO, I prefer___to swimming.A. play badmintonB. played badmintonC. playing badmintonD. has played badmintonE. had played badminton

3. This knife needs___ it is dull.A. to be sharpeningB. to sharpenC. sharpenD. sharpensE. sharpening

4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English.A. her could getB. his being able to getC. to be able to getD. being able to getE. be able to get

5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often.A. I saw herB. me to see herC. my seeing herD. me seeing herE. that I see her

6. “What don’t you like about Irwan ?”“____.”A. Why he wears earingsB. To wearing earingsC. His wearing earingsD. For wearing earingsE. Waering earings

7. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming.A. They buyB. To be buyingC. In buyingD. Man buysE. Buying

8. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother.A. left



B. to leaveC. being leftD. leavingE. been left

9. ‘It’s hot here; the air conditioner is not working.’‘I think it only needs ___.’A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleanedD. cleanE. be cleaned

10. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting the daily necessities.A. supportB. supportingC. being supportedD. supportedE. be supporting



BAB XIII : PARTICIPLE

A. Pengantar Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle : * Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan * Past Participle Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active

Participle adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan), sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan).

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini : 1. Active (Present Participle) : Running water = air yang sedang mengalir 2. Past Participle : Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan

B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle a. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot. 2. the waiting man reads a magazine. b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense. Contoh : 1. We are studying English now. 2. You have been dreaming. c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception). Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + Active Participle + …… Contoh : I hear the girl singing a new song. Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah : See hear feel notice Watch leave find catch Smell observe keep d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan oleh seorang subyek. Contoh : He rode away. He wishtled as he went. =He rode away whistling. =Whistling, he rode away. e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan, maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle. Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver. =Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver. f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang



pertama, peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle Contoh : As he knew her address, he sent her a letter. =Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.

C. Penggunaan Past Participle a. Sebagai Adjective Contoh : The stolen money has been found. b. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif. Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting. c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif. Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah : S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + …… Contoh : You will see the work finished on time. d.Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan secara berulang. Contoh : Beny came in. He was followed by his wife. =Beny came in, followed by his wife.D. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai Adjective Contoh : They play was boring.(Permainan itu membosankan).

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN1. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret.

A. marchedB. marchingC. to marchD. be marchingE. are maching

2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others.A. is unlocking the doorB. unlocked the doorC. when unlocking the doorD. he unlock the doorE. unlock the door

3. “Having finished her work, the maid went home”.The underlined words mean ___.

A. Although she had finished her workB. After she had finished her workC. She had to finish her workD. If she had finishing her work



E. She was finishing her work

4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently.

A. chooseB. were chosenC. chosenD. they chooseE. have been chosen

5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet.A. was brokenB. brokenC. be brokenD. breakingE. broke

6. When we came home last night, we saw a man ___ to get on our roof.A. tryingB. to tryC. to be tryingD. triedE. he tries

7. On my way home, I saw a dog ___ by a boy.A. beatingB. beatC. be beatenD. being beatenE. it was beaten

8. Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police.A. escapeB. escapedC. was escapedD. having escapedE. was escaped

9. ___ near a beautiful beach, the town soon become a popular tourist resort.A. SituatedB. SituatesC. SituatingD. It is situatedE. Situation



10. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers.A. killingB. killedC. be killedD. were killingE. were killed



BAB IV : CONJUCTION

Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu kalimat. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan subordinate conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat.

Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor. Jenis konjungsi ini menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata, klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya.

Contoh : I lost my books and my pens.

Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and, not only …, but also, either …or, neither….nor ….

Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa.

1. Accordingly : karena itu Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants

to study there. 2. After all : bagaimanapun juga Contoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best. 3. All the same : namun demikian Contoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some

of them keep selling their things at dirty place. 4. Consequently : akibatnya Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to

raise the children fell or his mother. 5. For = Since = because = as = Karena Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where

the keys is. 6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini. Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named

Irianto. 7. In order that : supaya Contoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam. 8. In case : kalau-kalau Contoh : You’d better take an umbrella;in case it rains. 9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I’ll take bath. 10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi Contoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright. 11. Namely : yaitu Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena.



12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy. 13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much. 14. Otherwise : jika tidak Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you’ll fail the exam. 15. Say : taruhlah Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs.


1. I was late because I chugat the wrong bus.It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late.A. althoughB. butC. so thatD. sinceE. when

2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.A. UnlessB. AlthoughC. Instead ofD. Even thoughE. Despite

3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.A. butB. andC. soD. forE. or

4. “ His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”“You’re right; ___ , had contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment business, for his next show.”A. so thatB. in additionC. thereforeD. in spite of thatE. moreover

5. My uncle doesn’t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.A. howeverB. andC. therefore



D. soE. hence

6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth; ___, they were afraid.A. soB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. moreoverE. therefore

7. “How were you doing in your exam ?”“Not very well ___ I studied hard for it.”A. whileB. sinceC. wheneverD. in spite ofE. even though

8. The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon, ___ very few people know which ones are they.A. butB. orC. asD. forE. so

9. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ , it may harm non smokers.A. consequentlyB. howeverC. in addition D. neverthelessE. otherwise

10. All the members of the Parliament applauded ___ the president was walking to his seat.A. so thatB. althoughC. even ifD. as soon asE. while



BAB XV : PASSIVE VOICE

A. Pengantar Pola kalimat pasif adalah :

To be + Verb-3 Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan

been.B. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif 1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense. Pola : Am Is Are + V-3 Was Were Contoh : A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence. P : The ball is kicked over the fence.

Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun (lihat contoh 1).

Contoh : A : The police asked me continuously. P : I was asked continuously. Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat diajadikan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat pasif. Contoh : A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing. P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing. P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us. 2. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous. Pola : Am Is Are + being – V3 Was Were Contoh : A : He is polishing the shoes now. P : The shoes are being polished now. 3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal. Pola : Modal + be + Verb-3



Contoh : A : He will paint the doors. P : The doors will be painted. 4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect. Pola : Have / has / had + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : They have finished the job already. P : the job has been finished already.

5. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + Perfect Pola : Modal + have + been + Verb-3 Contoh : A : She should not have scolded him in public. P : he should not have been scolded in public.

6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question) a. Yes / No question Contoh : 1. A : Does he write an article? P : Is an article written (by him)? 2. A : He is writing an article P : Is an article being written (by him)? 3. A : He can write an article P : Can an article be written (by him)? 4. A : He has written an article P : Has an article been written (by him)? Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut : Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal.

To be + subject + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 1 dan 2) Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal Modal + subject + be + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 3 dan 4) b. W-H Question : Contoh : A : When does he write an article. P : When is an article written (by him)?



Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas.

Contoh lain : A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle. P : Was the famous general killed in the battle? Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin

ditanyakan, maka to be pada kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3).

Contoh : A : What do they do? P : What is done by them ? Alternatif penambahan “not” dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut : A : she is not washing the dishes. P : Aren’t the dishes being washed (by her)?

7. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang

menggunakan subyek berupa : people, everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause.

Contoh : A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country. P : It said that Indonesia is developing country. Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country. Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim,

find, think, report, believe, consider, know, say. 8. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasif Gerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need, require, want, won’t / wouldn’t,

bear mengandung arti pasif. Contoh : The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children.A. be madeB. being madeC. makeD. makesE. will make

2. The chickens ___ this morning.A. were feed



B. were been feedC. were fedD. were been fedE. was been fed

3. The house ___ by the old gardener.A. will looking afterB. will bw looking afterC. will looked afterD. will look afterE. will be looked after

4. The window ___ by an unseen hand.A. has openedB. will openC. openedD. had been openedE. had opened

5. This gun ___ in Birmingham.A. was be madeB. was madeC. makeD. was been makingE. was being make

6. The book ___ beautifully.A. is writingB. is being writtenC. is writeD. being writtenE. be written

7. This fish ___ very well.A. has been cookedB. has cookedC. be cookedD. cookedE. has being cooked

8. Some ink ___ on the carpet.A. be spilingB. being splitC. be splitD. have been splitE. has been split



9. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher.A. has askedB. askedC. was askedD. askE. asks

10. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___.A. was being recordedB. to be recordingC. being recordedD. to be recordedE. was to record*



BAB XVI : ADVERB

A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan) Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimes Ever, scarcerly never, often Generally, seldom occasionally

Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja utama.

Contoh : 1. The sun always rises in the east 2. His wife never goes to the shop 3. I can hardly never hear such a song 4. They don’t often go to bed late 5. He is never advised by this mother 6. Do you usually study last night? 7. Have you ever been to Paris? 8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?

Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal.

Contoh : X : Do you ussually go to school on foot? Y : Yes, I usually do : Yes, I sometimes do : No, I never do Atau : No, never Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely,

bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi.

Contoh : 1. Never has she met us 2. Rarely do we eat rice there 3 Hardly will he write love letters Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di

depan suku kata tersebut. Contoh : I often have to cook my own breakfast. Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’. Contoh : He always used to help his mother Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year Once (sekali) a week / month Every other day Now and then Again and again



Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat Contoh : We have English Lessons every week

B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) : Contoh : Almost quite nearly only Enough soon fairly also Just (hanya) rather extremely merely Already too

Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan.

Contoh : It was too hot to work. ‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective

(untuk menerangkan kata benda). Contoh ; He didn’t work quickly enough. Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan

sebelum kata kerja utama. Contoh : 1. You nearly missed the bus 2. Leni still hopes to meet him 3. They soon found what they wanted 4. The students quite understand the lessons 5. We are merely waiting for the bus. 6. H e didn’t only know you. 7. The post have already come. ‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata

yang diterangkan. Contoh : He only had an apple (not anything else).

C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly Contoh : Adjective Adverb Careful carefully Lazy lazily Kecuali : Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan

akhiran-ly, yaitu: Deep early much



Far high little Fast low leisurely Hard late near Contoh : It is a fast train.(adj) The train fast.(adv) Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya

memiliki obyek. Contoh : He studies hard. He studies English hard.

D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika

kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh : They played there They played football there. Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih

luas. Contoh : They worked in room 10 in the hotel.

E. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu). Contoh : Then now everyday Still soon at seven Yet last week next week

Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk ‘still’ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be.

Contoh : He will come here tommorow Tommorow he will come here

Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama.

Contoh : We arrived at five o’clock yesterday.



SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___.A. I stayed at only homeB. I stayed only at homeC. I only stayed at homeD. I stayed only at home.E. only I stayed at home

2. The days were short ___ it was December.A. despiteB. in spiteC. so thatD. forE. unless

3. He seems ___ that his eyes are red.A. such a sadB. such sadC. such sadlyD. so sadE. so sadly

4. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is.A. young asB. younger thanC. as young asD. more young thanE. young than

5. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes.A. becauseB. so thatC. untilD. whereverE. where

6. The flower is ___ that I can’t resist smelling it.A. such odourB. such odorousC. so odorousD. such an odorousE. so an odorous

7. She acts ___ she were the boss of the company.A. whenever



B. in order thatC. as ifD. becauseE. although

8. She doesn’t go to school ___ she is sick.A. whenever B. so thatC. despiteD. because of E. although

9. ___ you meet Uni, please give this letter to her.A. UnlessB. BecauseC. AlthoughD. IfE. So that

10. he left the house early ___ not to be late.A. as ifB. althoughC. in order D. becauseE. so that



BAB XVII : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION

A. Adjective Ciri-ciri adjective Adjective (kata sifat) dalam suatu frase atau kalimat dapat diketahui dengan beberapa cara antara lain : 1.Inflectional suffixes :-er, -est, more-, most- : Contoh : tall taller tallest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Tambahan more dan most bisa digunakan dengan adverb (kata keterangan) 2. Position : a. Setelah linking verb : look, sound, seem, appear, grow, feel. Contoh : He looks taller than his brother. b. Antara determiner dan kata benda : Contoh : An interesting book c. Setelah to be : am, is, are, were, be. Contoh : Durian are plentiful here

B. Derivational Suffixes

Suffix : Contoh : Suffix : Contoh : -y sandy, wealthy -ed, -en tired, golden -ly friendly, weekly -ent, -ant different, pleasant -ful beautiful, painful -able, -ible reasonable, sensible -less careless, worthless -ive, -ative, tive active, imaginative -ous,-ious dangerous, delicious -ing interesting, tiring -al, -tal, -ial, -tial accidental, differential -ic, -etic, -atic basic, symphathetic -ish, childish, reddish

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

The text for number 1 to 5As a young man, Bela Lugosi was ___(1) and famous, but as he grew older, his ___(2) and his wealth disappeared. Audiences had come to associate him so ___(3) with the role of Count Dracula that producers were ___(4) to star him in any other films. Once the Dracula films were no longer popular, Lugosi was unable to find work, and his debt began to increase. Forgotten by Hollywood and his fans, Lugosi became addicted to drugs, and the last few years of his ___(5) were filled with poverty and bitterness.



1. A. richB. richlyC. richnessD. enrichE. enrichment

2. A. fameB. famousC. famouslyD. famedE. famely

3. A. strongB. stronglyC. strengthD. strengthenE. strengthened

4. A. hesitateB. hesitationC. hesitantD. hesitantlyE. hesitance

5. A. liveB. life C. aliveD. livelyE. livelihood

This text for number 6 to 10In an age of supersonic, it is difficult to imagine that at the beginning of the twentieth century, no one had ever flown in an aero plane. ____(6), people were flying in balloons and airships. The airship was ____(7) on the principle of the semi-rigid structure. In 1900, Ferdinand von Zeppelin fitted a petrol engine to a rigid balloon. The craft was the first really ____(8) airship. In 1919, an airship first carried passengers across the Atlantic, and in 1929, one traveled round the world during this time the design of airship was constantly being ____(9) and up to 1937 they ____(10) thousands of passengers on regular transatlantic services for million of miles.

6. A. in additionB. nextC. howeverD. furthermoreE. consequently



7. A. locatedB. basedC. supported D. decidedE. originated

8. A. successB. succeedC. succeededD. successfulE. successfully

9. A. repairedB. encouragedC. recoveredD. establishedE. improved

10. A. appliedB. liftedC. sentD. deliveredE. carried

DAFTAR PUSTAKA



______,1994 Kurikulum dan GBPP Bidang Studi Bahasa Inggris Kelas 3 SMU

yang Disempurnakan. Jakarta.

Frank Matrcella, 1972, Modern English, Prentice-Hall. New Jersey.

Hoenby A.S. et. Al. 1954. The Adveted Learn’s London Dictionary of Current

English. Oxford University Press Amen House E.C.4.

Krohn Robert, 1971. English Sentence Srtucture, The University Press.

Murphy Raymond, 1986. English Grammar in Use, Gambridge University Press.

Quick Radolph & Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English, Longman

GroupLimited. England.

Thompson A.J. & University A.V, 1977, A Pratical English Grammar 2nd Edition.

Oxford University Press Walton Street. Oxford AXZ GDP.

Wilcox Peterson Praticia, 1980, Changing times Changing Tenses Teaching

Division Educational and Cultural Affair International Communication

Agency. United State of America.


Materi English

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