Kunjunni Raja Mimamsa 1988 Opt

5/14/2018 Kunjunni Raja Mimamsa 1988 Opt

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SANSKRIT SERIES No. 2

M T M A M S A c 0 NT RIB UTI 0 NTO

LAN G UA G E -S T U DIE S .

ByDr. K.KUNJUNNIRAJA

DEPARTMENl'OFSANSKRITUNIVER.SITY, OF CALICUT .

, 1 9 8 8


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CALICUT UNIVERSITY SANSKRIT SERIESNQ .2

MTMAMSA CONTRIBUTIO;N,TO

,L AN G U AGE S T u 0, I E SI

ByDr. K. KUN.JUNNIRAJA

DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRITUNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

, 1988

1454 3,-,'t,. 1 N D . . : .- - S e p , 1 9 9 0Ph/l*i.T ...1... - 1D0


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PubHsli.~dBYDepartment of SanskritUniversity of CalicutCalicut University Po.673635. Kerala.Firs t Published March 1988. Printed "at.'',. ~Printex India Feroke.

PREFACE

It isa matter of great pleasure for the Department ofSanskrit to publish the first 'Prof. M. S. Menon EndowmentLectures' 'in a book form. This is the second book in the"Calicut University Sanskrit Series', the first being TheC ata log ue o f Manuscripts.

The Department of Sanskrit started in 1977. Prof. M. S.'Menon, a renowned scholar-critic and the founder head ofthe Department, ret ired from service on 30th September 1985.Then his colleagues and students decided to raise a fund tostar t a ser ies of annual endowment lectures on different topicsof Sanskrit language and literature and Indian Philosophy.With the encouragement showered on them by the Universityauthorities, especially the then Vice-Chancellor Mr. T. N.Jayachandran, 'Prof . M. S. Menon Endowment ' was insti tutedsoon. Dr. K.'Kunjunni Raja, Hon. Director of the AdyarLibrary and Research .Centre, was invited to deliver the first'Prof. M. S. Menon Endowment Lectures' on "Mimarp.saContribution to Language Studies" on 14th, 15th and 16thOctober 1986.

The various systems of Indian Philosophy have madesubstantial contribution to Linguist ics and all ied discipl ines.Of these systems M i m a r p s a stands in the forefront. Dr. Rajahad already discussed many points in regard to tbis in hisIndian Theories of Meaning and Language 0/ Poetry and in agood number of research papers. In this booklet he dealswith the contribution of Mimam.sa to language studies. in asuccint manner. The definition of the word 'M'imarp.sa' isdisoussedffrs t. This is fol lowed by a brief survey of importantMimatpsa works, along with the main tneories of interpre-tations according to that philosophy. Then Dr. Raja givesus a general idea of the att itude of MimalTlsatowards languageand Kumarilabhatta's observations on foreign loan words inSanskri t. Theories of sentence meaning put forward by eminent


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Mimfu:p.sakas are discussed in some detail in the last sectionof the work.

I am profoundly grateful to the University authoritiesfor allotting sufficient fund for publishing these endowmentlectures. Thanks are due to Dr. Kunjunni Raja for deliveringtheIectures and giving permission for including this workin the Calicut University Sanskrit Series. Iam thankful tomy' colleagues in the Department of Sanskrit for their a~tiveco-operation in all the works 'of the Department, especiallyfor the help extended by them in conducting the EndowmentLectures and pri!'ting this booklet.

C. U. Campus,15. 3. 1988.

Dr. N. V.P. UNITHIRIHead, Department of Sanskrit

M IMAMSA CONTRIBUTION TOI,.ANGUAGESTUD1ES

The Purvamtmamsa, briefly called. Mimamsa,and theUttaramlmamsa, well known as Vedanta, form two' amongthe six . systems or orthodox Hindu darsarias. The termmimarpsa means "full discussion", "reflection" or "investi-gation ". It is of interest to note that neither Jaimini, authorof the Sutras, nor Sabara, author of the Bhasya, refers to the. system. by the term Mimal11sa. The termnyaya or maxims isoften used as a synonym and the Mlmamsakas are raferredto as Nyayavida'r) .. The term Mimarp.S tI is used ito the systemperhaps for the first time in the Yajnvalkyasmfti(Ist Cent. A. D.)

PuraJ;lanyayamimarp3adharma~astrari.gamisrital;l /. vedal;! sthanani vidyanam dharrnasya ca caturdasa / / (1.3)Kumarilabhatta calls it Mimarpsa and says that the methods

and modalities of the investigation iof dharma will be doneby Mimarpsa.Dharrne pramfyamalJ.e hi vedena karanatmana f "itikarta vyatabhagam I.lllmarp.sapurayi$yati 1 /

The pre-Samkara Btiddhi~t writers like Dignaga and Bhavya .(580 A. D .) also refer to the' system my the term Mima: tpsa.The term MImarps8

The term Mima-lllsa in the sense of ' investigation" is foundused in Early Vedic literature ~itself without' any reference tothe system: S aifjil an and as ya m im iiq ls a bhavati ( Tai. Up. II.S)"mah!i.Srotrlya'r) . sdmetva mimarpsiim cakru'r}." eCho Up. V. XI. 1\The Srauta siitras also use theterin in the general sense ofdhieussion. and investigation.

Incidentally it may be noted that the term mimarpsa, derivedfromm'4 to measure though: having the suffix sa n is not desi-


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~.

2derative in sense. The desiderative sense forsan is given byPa:;:ini in therule dh i ilo l: ] . sa .m i in :lk2rt l 'k l id icchay lim tUI. 1. 7. ;two rules giving sa n suffix t


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4

bhakara'son $abarqbhii~ya.ontHFBha.ha. school include Parthasarathl

(c.. A. 'Q.lOM),I3.t;lt"hor.o the $r1stradipika.and the Vyayara-tnamaIa aJid$omesvarl3. (c .A . .0.1200) author of the Nyayasudha, ,,ThePrabl Ifika,raschoolfound an able exponent in SaIikaniitha(c. A. D .. , 8 0 0 , . commentator d~ the Bthat; and author ofthe indep~ndent ' .PrakaraQapancikii.Tattvabindu by Vacaspati-'JJjjsra eS50 i},. ~).) and the M iil1ttmeyodaya by two scholarsof.Keralllwitb. i thei .n.ame. :Nar ayaillla (c. A. D. 1600 and. c~A. O.."j'~5(,)).di!!ci~sS epistemo!ogicaJ'andlhiguistic problems.Th~ N.ititattvav!rbhii:V40fCidiaaanda (A D. 1300)which has,a commentary by Paramesvara is also an.lmportant work. '

Qne of the most' infJuentiaf:schooIsi of philosophy at the, timeof Saxnkar.a Wasthe. Mi.marpsi ischool.al ld~ -Sarpkara em-.phat ical ly denies the utili ty .o f thekatmamiirga for final re-lease; but the. attitude of , earlyVediinta'se'hdJats doesnot seem,to be soseve~eagainst the Mimarpsakas. Jaimini and Sa-barasvilmm.' ' .did not. take any fnterest in the problem off iaal to lease . ibut later, \",riteFs hadt0 take it inte'rapanca and Bhaskaraadvbcated foanakwmasamuccaya.However,in his Advaitasystem $arp.k;ara'Yl lS vehemently criti cal ,of .~he ea rlie r views

5and. rejected karma altogether as a means for final release.$atp.kara held that the world is an illusion-felt by man be-cause of his innate igllorarice,llnd that this ignorance canperemoved only by knowledge, and 110t b y actions Releaseis only the realiza.tiop of one's-Identity with the ultimatereality Brahman: actually there is no release, but only. therealization that be is always free, being one with Brahman .The Mi~atp.sakas on the other hand tried to explain mok~a'or release in their own way. They say that there .are fourkinds of action ordained by the scriptures, Compulsory acts, ~r nityakarmas are to. be performed by householders; thesedo not produce any positive result. but their nonperformancewill produce evil consequences . Theseconditype of religio.usact v a r e occasional, and specific; to be performed on thefuUm~on day etc.; they are also similar. The 'thin1 type of.religious acts' are called kamyakarmas, opt ional acts to. be perfor-med if-some specific results are intended. The. fourth type of.aCts is, consti tuted of prohibit ions; ifperformed they will bringsin to the doer. The Mimatp.sakas argue that by performingthe first two types of acts, and avoiding the other two, onecan avoid the results of past karma's and attain the goal ofsupreme happiness which is moksa. When the cause of miseryj'~M1)l:O\,ed. t~eql,iudj sl lbletQ enjoy the bliss which is the realnatwe; 9~ithe soul, as indicated by the scriptural pasaages . likednandam brahman rl lpam; tacca mokso 'bhivyajyafe. The MiilW-meyodaya puts it clearly thus: ,

Ni~iddhakiimyakannabhyab sam,yak vyavr tt ll ,Ceias ll .Q ' /;Dityanaimittikaprayascittl1pradhvastadu~ krte{l//SukhaduQ.khaQubhil t ibhyam k!? l1) . apr~ rabdhakarOl~a . l. l1yuktasya br sh macaryadya ir anga ih ~amadarn8.dibhi l}. /IkurViil ;lasycltmamimrupsi im vedantoktena var tm analmuktihsampady sadyo nityaate nandaprakasini. IIFor one whose mind is \VeI! withdrawn from the prohi,bited ,and optional rituals, wh -se .sins are des troyed by the

obligatory and .oecasiena] rituals and by expiatory 'rites"Whose karmans that have begun to take effect are exhausted


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" 6

'. Th0UgJiSaI1il'karaatta~lcs ': the karmamdrgai, he'say .that.vthe religious.~cts .ordained in the Vedas are comp-letely useless ; because hehas to accept the validity of all. Vedic passages; If performed with detachment, they are.helpful ill purifying the mind; they also restrain man fromhis natural. i~puIStsand.desire for' worldly pleasure. In. theNaika , .myasid .dhi 0.49) Suresvasaputs-i t-in a succ inc t manner:

.;PratyakpraVl!.Da,tam .:Duddhel,l brin~t,lyutp~d~a SuddhitaJ.:! : !krtar tM,nyastam:ayati pravTslante ' gha-nav Iva./ ,

'. S:!p:Ukara hiOlsrl f s.a,~s) in the' U,padesasii .hasi ' i I1.1'7 . f2)., WheQ. tb,~.: mip9.~bvc9mes pure l ike . a mirror., knowledgeshines for th; . .theJ;efQre. (the m}nds~9llld be 'purified), 'The mind.is purified by: abstention, the permanentrjtes, sacrifices andausterities". (M,ayeda).Jr~J,1sJation) ..."

.: E ven when dis~gteeingwith .the views 8f' MltuihllSakas$a1flkataaccept~d iJre ~ethod '"of interpretation. of sentencesas' ev6'ivefi 'by the .'Mimiirl1sakaS in arriving at the cogentm:earlittgS'~ inteftded::" .' .. .. ..~.': .,. -~~ .. "Attitude towards Languageo t t e r ! ' . ' there; has : b e e a c ~ o m e misood.ersta:ndfn:g . . 'iegat4illg'the Mima111Sa.~>attitude,.toward~I.:la.nguag~ ..:.:T~e::.Mimarpsainsistj1f~:.: o : i i : : . l tlhi.: . e D , ~ e r J t a : K re.J;a.tip.n:Sliip.,:b'etweeh~wGirls,: andtheir. meanings migpt have originated iii their concern forthe 'pres rvation of. tbe . ..\ lc :das and 't lieirauth6rifatiy' e pos it ion;but they were consistent jnth:e'ir' .approach, ,'and were 'nevera fraid o f arguing problems. to their logical conchl~io:p .$ andaccepting them' 'even . when they. are. not ful lYP.al atable . tothem . .The.sutra autpattikas to s a bd a sya rt h en ~ ~a '1 f lb a nd hah isa general principle accepted' on thebas~s. of theprayahanityatZi; they 'were not concerned with the ultimate' origin of

7the relationship between words and Jheir; /rn~a!lillgs; to thtlmj~Jw.~~imPQ~sib,le to .~Qnceive,..?C.aspcietY without aIanguage.~e"le~rJ?Ourlapgu.Me fx;om our parents. and elders; they' in'tI1elr turti+rnustbaveleamed i tfron1'the ir fo refathers; thus,i tO'ould.~ ',"~racedl?ack fr()In' gent)!a tion to :gener~t ion to .,~nyc~~ceiva61e peri?d r:0~hu~a~"so~iety .: What the. MimaI11saka~me~l1f ey-the 'etetriafifY. ,of 'tne 're la ti'on "between words" 'ane ltheIr meanings is that it..1SMtpossible to trace the origin ofthi s -.rela tion to apesson,' Tne,tetm autpattika used in this stitrai~.noteworthy.. it"is derived from utpattior "origin": it~~ggests' the view. tMt .!J.:.,wQrds..a word only when' it has' ameaning, thaHw01thebeginning of .the.wosd, its associati inWith its ~eaningjs also there. This principle of the . eternalityof the. relationship between words andtheirrmeanings .Is . notconfin~ed to the Vedic langulig.e', apd,to . .ciass i~;l Sanskri tbut. extends .. , to. all languages including the" Mlecchabhii$iis .Di.M. M. ,Deshpande says irih'is . book Sociolinguistic-Atti-t ud es i n I nd ia .(p .. l '8) . that..thisMimamsaka conce!)tion' of~teri!ality 0fsqbdarthasarnbanqha: "isnot a.universal principle!but it applied only to Sanskrir", Thi~ cannot be true in thecase of early M lmamsakas, f0T the'principle of Pravahanftyatais applicable to all natural languages, including the Mleccha.languages. . . . . ... In the cas~' of theisubsrandard speech 01- ApabhralJl$afrom which ttiePraR:rit.languages were: consideredto nave

been evolved.v.the 7chailgei:tilanrgua,gein .;:fbr1n.a&w~H asmeaning i s taken intbaccburt t. Itnhe case of such ;t\'pab1i.farpsawords the corrupt forms ofwotdsk'whicli !have gainedclt.urenc,among the people, express their meanings only indirectly bymanifes ting the potential ity of the original correct ' words'fhroughthe!r si.milarity. with them.vt'Suchc-corrupt : f orms originateowing to. the 'dls.crepancy of the speakers, but . due to longul,lagepeople. may In'courseof tilDe.mista.ke, them. as correctwords: Still they cannot he' considered . l iS . .synonyms for the,.or iginal .words. KUIpa.r ila. . . s a y , s , . r . . . : . . ' . .

.Apanyagatik~tyeliLli!l ..s~ liti~asrn~r~nen>8. ca / ':~.~fas.1ktyl:l:ll1ilSarel}a.,ya:~.f,,;.,[email protected].)..v!lcH Itu.1'!all!aqanu~a.n.abhya1!i ..ii..~y,at i sa.i"ioug~lIlya.te./ /'-Tantraviirtika on 1. ,a . ,26 -, ~.


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8F.orelgn :,tG.~WOi!CI.. . '.' . .'. ;'.;

'S ' r n : t M ,!~i!lf1issi~fi.;Oh.',f(jreignl~,al1., . ' 'V~gicr9F'~la~~~~~1; ~ ~ ' s A c ~ l ; t ~ e : o : y r ~ w s ; of , , ' f V ! i 'm, . f . ' qL.~f~.~tes~Jngly,JJ?04eJ!,p.~nps~ow.... Jceenawa,r,enes$, f?'~'Jl,s,tl~

P . . l . . ~ . . . ..p. ,l r :m. .s. : ' . . . . .W . . ... . . I. . ~j.S. ." '}i.,s... .i..., . , ; . . . . i i . t . Ja . . L~ .. 10 i.t. is .ad.m.......~ed.,.;...,b . . . . . . .! J . ' .$,~~ar!J.~n Q I\.um.~r!~a tAa~!,p(!rt;lin words that are.used in.tMVedilj.~at:e.,lllPtjp,;,u,se :al~.,~n~:the Aryas, i. e. in classicalSan~krjt puVa.rl!) ( ' ) 1 l t l l d .j." t l 1 e . Mleccha language. The questionliaised. is. Whether w~ sbould ;~ept for these, words themeanings: given .to .themby the Mlttcchils in ,their . language';@.;Twhether;the&c' WQfds,$ l i l l 0 l 1 l 1 i}d .be interpreted by U iilgSai:l5i~ftterymOh:lgYi,\j~~t'.!fIlisproblemtn:e pr im~ facie viewpre$edted\"'by.(: '~abarail'a 'n14fK.un:rarilaisa!~ follows : Int~rn~lSQfiskI'iUc'iii:~eipi'etit'j0:riDa!sed'~!etymol(jgy and grammar ISto "be:"ptefe'fted to"'tHe'Mleccna,usa'ge. The orthodox VedicBrahmins 'evettstop'theiT recitatiOn dffhe .Vedic texts if theysee a:lfl l"eccita' ..then 'how can a mleccha usage be acceptedas aut1i"oritftO'~xprain a Sanskrit word? The 'Brahmins ofAryav~rt~'whp are t 1 1 ~ ,.~tites 'ot ${~tps ar~ ..prohibited fromCOJll~~pi~~tlng,with ,the M,lf~qb~s a,.p..~~ence,hQW could theyknow the 'Mlebcha' meanilig' o f a' word? It is less tro1Jbl~someto, findint.erna.1 ,.9!l.~edon $I'!-nskdt r'?9t(, ands~ffixes t f i ~ ~ : : . e k a Q i ' \,.\,Wi{lfeccl;za usage;" I .

Ye,llam.,d~f;~.~n~~~tl'~!"i;.,~~.~atv,apa pathyate I."'is~~,bh9.~aF'i'Qanamleech~iQ s!l.bary~yarta.\vasipam ' / 1 .,p~,~a~;tis~~krtal;lr ~ a b Q o a Q . .ka,~c.in','Qlleceaplj.bh,al;aQefs~~slq1'tapra,tif ijcp~:h;~.~attadha~ii.pta!l'e:'$,thiotaJ" ~ ,.:....aryii,s,'ila\t\lec9,p,a,.b,~a,~~b.~ab,;lca\pay~p~,aJ).vaka.mpah!)~:'aDEtgtam-matioal a l l i i l . t y s

' ! X p til)iee1ifseofl Dravidian words ending in oonsonants,.sQroe;A"ryans t!C'onsidieli;he.mas. Sanskrit words, by adding" : H @ d e s s 2 I : 'r y vowel affixes;cGrrrige~~,a't"a71 ~'iroad", pap "snake",. mal "woman" ,al1d~aire)'!Stom:acb""i:aretaken t6 e4lilivalents efthe Sanskrit words corqtI ,"thief", ataral.l "ditTioulit,to :cr:o~s"

, p i ipab ,. ' "eY~'I~',~~t~;;;;,a~~'?"..llnd. Viqiril).,'lj.neIPy,' respectively.Tl:)eY~liytoeXRla~n;.,tP~.etYl1l1l,'ologyl:>yref~J7enGetQhe mea.ningattached totbe J;a.nskrit W:Ofdsand fart'etched aseociatioas".KumarilaattaQkslat. , such ridiculousattempt~ a,t arbitraryderivation of foreign words from Sanskrit roots 00: tl:l~basis;9f ,S9in.e sin;I,ll~rity. f ,~oplld.~ndf~rfetcl;tedD1;ea.~j~g~s~~ciati6D.

Tl1ed'inalviewiof:. the',MtDlamsaJ~as:is'q~ite " ' in ,~~epiog,~wilthl'ithe'oderll',linglil'istie!!apJ1)lloac\b.'JiiJa.word.is 1 .B~ ttl0:Jle'ti!\',l:!04usecJ.:fnclassiQltlS~n5krit(!~hre~i!la\ngu:a.ge;of.iry.4varta..J, ia~~jjll,!fouB,d.used(bylbie!.!iMleebJja'Sli.:"the,l)uweihQiv~:\t~,. Q C C l D t ' : tl t e l ' J : S e l ! 1 : ~ ! i '~ii(6:~\.w:bich::it'is'~':o~~lii'!\by t1ilem~[(fu,mar.i~aisatya; ) " k ' 4 1 p a " b ' t k y l i J ; .'fi'.~sidha:ea Y4"~tptii s a IJalvYtl$i(ilumrcwiin1'#Jkap,271); Th~ is con-:~i~tentwithttiejir:!Wewyogt fd 1t1Ui~'hir'batiyasi "POPUhlfus'age is:tD{j!)~e:;'auQ1I6r;fta.it.vc~,.;tlla)1.it'l~j},.etymologiGa.l:~ellS'e:'.

,at funnye. .' . ... .. ... . '. .. , , ' nEtt '... .'. in9ses of loanwords fro' '.'para.Slfkia,Ya:vana,B'wl"bara, and~~\b( la.n,~lla~enitmay"be noted that' . iD.the


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UU:I:'I,! 'i~'~""L:uth;eir 01'd~blaTY:' """ ",~,


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lJite~~iJto.rj~teti~all\qr

13sa1! 'n idh i ( co ntin uitY 1 al:n on g'" th cW 'o rd -n i,e a:n in gs , in a s en te n'"ce as constirutibg too ' biases of H ie ~ n tt y of th6s~G,teDce;thb ib llPOffa.p t I1Q,le'played by tiitparya or th e general purpo-rt ,of, th~,pa~sag t ' ~ t~o~ ' ! f~~~ c,~ ~ tf~ r,t~ r~ "Q f 'tb~ iq,fentio!l, of .J"~,also .,t~~~", of . ~F~~c :~rl:hpg to tblS, as~09~~\~O ap~EP~~b,~~k~n,~'(ias,., a ~~ ~ n ~~ ,th~ words alld tlieir Is . at)~dm e~ Dln~ s, It is nere:hensi~!

lU!J'hmfk;n,tlJa wa s ~pa:li>leB'lla:!i~haJ'i ,refets to this


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15,sense. Kumari1a slays'that several independent sentences can, combine ~to form a Mahavakya on the same basis of serVmga s~ngle purpose. "

,,~y:arth!!-~. -na,~1 ,~ng~$tltvii~,{lp~,,!?araJvviikya,'n~ ',' ".:pulllal;!;!lal'p.l].atYJl.j%,at~ ,I{, , . :;.1! 'antrvl ir; '( ika, ' P . : 3 6 1 6marian's definrti'~n of a sentenCe as ekti'iin is fi rs t'

un.JUuseo by KiitYliyana., P~ni, does not'sl;leni to subscribeview, fot the t~r~atinalJ. in the siitfa' tinatiiuil},

po,~i~j.~~'Vecowof:~athannc~Celssa]r;y,iftbe

IS 19!fought. Here a k ar lv k li towards

' 'ersa. ~n the C a s e of4kanksa i s . " mutual; but


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; . 16 17in the previous e"an:mle ,it : is O 'Q ,e sided., Blesi:des. the l ) .ormal1i -#l i t t" i ik tt t ik~ i i , : t a~ r e: i s .a l 9 t he \\ ]: !Q " te o. ti al t,JtthlapyakJiitiksa(as in th e case of the name IO f th ~ p o tte J,4 .' ,s fa .ih er etc .) .'

.A ' s . c ar . . .a) 's" '" . "I. . 1, '6ofiiJe:f~d they are'."interestt:ld?; n t e : n ' d e O s , ; ; r T1!l 'ei'h t'ta s cho ol. 'JDeli~ vesdQfithreeb;asic nk~as: itikartavyata wh ~ i is to beI, done,fii4h.a11:4 or.' k(lhrp.a ~he J l).ean s o f do ing it and phaiat .\ lt ( . f n ). it . o f actipn. lRst~~,o t ' p i M l a . o f i n 1 i . t " the Piabhakat:as ch oo l .bel~ves in , ,th~. ' l i y q t x a 'or th,e perso ': ll .who is enjoinedt9 ' p e rf or m the .. f th,ird i i"atik~a .The Bhagavad-.'ita "pa~~ l ! . g e ,k te mIl' Ii kadlkana: s e e m s t~ .... a l a w ; it. , t r i u ~ f ' 1 ; > , ~ ' hetenip~tationof law.' I.,

To th e p r imary oqndi~lI t ) .~fl ~ a / lUu;~ual,:e~Jeqtancyiwelle) 'a i,e tded\ two mote by th e Mimarp.saJc .as:

Knn . 1 !l. . - , , ,. w - r ' . >1.11 ",.,.,.,."uus1'.A pht;~e . ' ;' i '6 e ; n~nseml ' l l! t H e a'etuaP facts:meanings' Standsfa sentence 'like ~tib~e.,iv~r" is normal, anbt b~ ) ,1 ' e ,a rt :) n o !nf.jts on the\y\e~.;P t ! Q 1 A > ! a y : ; 1l'~IP~ij,li.,

; ' : ' ' ' I f ' ' s Joniji'ti~t'\:oif yogyilta' f0r."~eptof the .

j- ,

Cal~"f!"l l ! l t t l "JJ.Il \. 'I..t~:;~ig~':"Jiliot' .being" " " t 1 f ' " U~ '~ " 'l '" ,$ ~ ~ \f ,j ~ :' /~ Y 'J ~ o rd s. .T~e

..Ji!.~l'Uc,,.,U!;~k. \I~,rbal' co&u. i~ ~ j l \ ; is p p s s ib leonly W9.l:ds,a,J;o tQgeth~r,) 'n the .mind~tb'e P ra .b ha ka ~a g,.. .. '@,~~r i" f cQDsid. r: ~hat0nly t~e'. QQ Jl ti gu it y o f c9gnl1l1oll) .j 9} f . .,t~ ,.s .s .,)leO ,~ S 'rY. Thus 1 0 .tR~H,)C8ase. of e Il ip t ic i~ i , ~ e n~ # q e s, ;; ~ t~ ~H , ,) ~ ~ 9 .H a ,M im9 . q ls a ka .s> ; ' ? ~ p t u ; , , ! R ~ missing wqr~.~,; ~ o ~;j'i:,:~.CjtuallY s q l il p l ie c l , . . :b ePriibbaltaras bold tbat it IS easier to supply the elllptica!


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1 9mean}ng *~A to pre s~ m y ~ Q .e , m i,s ~ in T~~ o !~ s as ip 1p lied, ," 'The 'rote" ofl tatp(lrya or the, general purport,of th e pa-~sag'lea, '~~rsto6d"ltrofu.\ tne"Col1t factofs is ' I aCcepted'" 'll''! " ) 1 9 i / " ' di IH"'.'I~j"~ , 'oWer't'$izVti.)~,"",J l'~'.)~ ) ',: -r;, ' " ,~,~: ':t.>l' I I i."thefo'H~& : r . ': : l t R II "~ll . "qr.t~fR f.ryg!l ' Il~~lll:f;~vat~ng, t q . f ; ' "

,fltlJi.in' ftbe::1atjialytical "poi:x1!t! @ f v iew ;'8 1s e'1 tte ne ~' b as t o be 'con s ide l 'ed ; ' I lSTa : 'co I leo t ioD ' ,df w ords , 'W ilde try ing to com-pPelllend the ' m ~ a:m i ng . 'o !f k,' 1! he (" se nt en ce f ro rlr t he point ofview of tbe"Iisten'e:rld~ct~nt .approllches are po s s ibh~ , The, individual w l ! I ~ I l l ' ~ Iconve:5t' i!;t\h~it: ,prf.mary; ; m ea'tiiIl'gi;1:>uttllesep,tenc,el m c a : ~ i l i l 'g d s O ) a liDifie,q, Il : lJil iQ,', Tlie~,GDll:dj,tio'ntsnecessaryi 1 0 t a~I! '~J (mp:ee~e,d Imeani1!l~lnlllr&vel3alneaE!,'$.I Ibeon

, t t ;:t4! ,:an,~~ ,tar.z,tft ;kir/! l ! j; i ,~ t ~ ~ t i ! J t 'i~be1 ' , e X i a . o tt I l l i ' t h " b t : t w : r e , e n ; V i tJBle"'WP'T'emean'in'gs~;atldtb~ '1$~ntCi1c~i~e~gg: ,~as ;,~, l:t t l ;!1 '~e:! :p (eamin~. t1fhle1 (we; i1;):n,am,th!l(i)ri~Bi.Q~t}~~i~:.,!PIsblIi~~\a'lie",:,;,lthet'ibjjl1ii'tfl/;Jhi~vadi!lI,\~V~te,(t(d d~~ :t!be~:"Rfab'~bmasJ I ' ! ,~ d:::thtet, \ f J J b t z . t t m , t W f i Y 1 : l iiviill"ah e J 4 0 : b1';!ttre ;;Q.ii.~~MfJBQlth)!"I


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.2 0 21

ii...P,4fi4ni ~ v a , r n s\ 'W~ a!tQam q.bhidhi/;a, niv".ttavyiipariiT)i; athe4~fit~.~;~l~~1t:.th@'{lv~g~ttll)!qntaq.i i~yat: tham' 4ya,ama Ya~li

Discussions on the nature of, the, mel~ti!on.between iwordlJle~~jngs, and .sen~e~ce.llleaqin~ .',were .going .on. fro,m veryh)~~ iy ' lj~~s:'i~d:'the:t*~lrnal~ tf1)e6ri~sli:scfl"bedf6Pr~ h'a~arasiIii18:r(.lfm!ttlll ~'lfaua.hpp'ear 'JP dIf 'fercmtforms even mucheatlier'in tbe Hstof' sente&be'aefinitions 'given li>yBbarttha:d.fth~ b~giDhingdh'b~secon!d' catrto of his Vff,kyapadiya;,In jhisbh~~1l4 $~bat;~ refers tot\yo v.eWs .on sen,teQ\~m , c : ; a n i p g , t ,b ,a t. .i t ~ s,ei~~eJ'))heda ;orsam~.~rgq. These. views "are

'i~Yly:~n~?,~~~"f,ii~~~a,J>~! s ~ a M M a . ~ x a : also~~ribeq~? : Y i ~ ~ i a : p : d ' i y ~ a , ' . , e c t i v e l y -see~s, ' tonave1)ecna'M,J .' . ..a.('h~ eltl tbat', : ( '"&' '~bia.....~le..lilliv~rsiafr j 9 ; t i :;a~d"th:at.the'g ~ " t n e ' f p ~ : t u & l )associll.tlo~01' Sprp"ar~d of",' t1iusth~.' e ip i~ss iO A


15/17

2 2.instanc~s,of pOlysemte-synonyms. homatiyms and- hombphones:W~l'ds:Like h a : s . t a , and k ara htidto;be :~aken assyn~hynis forboth.njeant "'the}Jana", it fiscm p o s W i lb l e ! tb t r A c e ! t I i . \fl'~iJilil; tlhe otke.t.' llttJ:i'e caJge.)0'~'cofrdpt '\Vbid~~i1ttli'" JheiCQi'tect\.~,ords isi:i1eC?~fifil~~dii.am;,d~~cc~rd~n} i)" .)i '.; ...oC,,;lhQu,ghttheY'conv~y tlell~,meaning an1y If:lyemmdU:ig. tbelis.tener about the :correct' f6l'ms; '. and the. real denotat'i~epower is .vested in the eorrect w01:ds . But' sbin'etimes; I the'c0lirupt forms became popular 'in society, and people ,getth~meallings d;irectly~thenthat fact had also to 'be tecogni21ed.

~*la.JlI!li,ia 'r~~~ha.nahille... in];anguMefi1~tiManiuddisyapnaJamskhalqd gati!;. Ananda says that in the case of intehtionalpliers used by poets,the. power of lak~aT).a or metaphor helps~1 lgetting the actual meaning, but the purpose that prompted.~.~emetaphoric transfer is got ~mmediately and come "u:Ot:l'er~ggestionan.dnoi lak:?aT),a. ..

When the ..rel~tioIii':Oetwded < . ~h~i,~dqHtry,ret~-ent .~n4;t~~'aiQfual'refef,ent'. is,'tlif'ferent'frO:m.'si'IbilarliY-shcu' aS9Qnit~j;,itYetow: itl!isdail~d:'pluteldk~lllJtt'Oy. tlt~.MimiiIps.~kas.According t.otheotherS'cH;po)srloftnougl1f tllb'seJ tW o fortn;:' two subdivisionsof lak~aTJ.ii.. . . to ~hen there

Even whenits' nlreaning is8.peepte'l!i,deciding the exact nieaiD. : in ig of a term l'nl.sconte~tual. .factors 'Can be. ' ttlio~eb~seQsi,tuatlonas wen rus tb,>sebased on' fhewords mihe casCiS of se~tehee. Tfre'-":'I""1 ":~""clorlltextu~factors in the a'mbiguous expressions'all ; even in tae' case 'of ordinMY sattene-os eontextualplay a prominent role. Apparont mistak~s ca:n be easilyavoided with its'help, as vif pronounced W r b l Iwill be "sacrifice;:'prevent such a:n idea

"~ethe sun .becomess~crific,ia.l postM~b~M~;YO'itmay .also mean thatpeople many of themcarrying umbrellas may be referred to as "a procession of.

umbrella- bearers", though many of them may not haveumberllas, I n literature also "sky scrapers", or mansionstouching or kissing the sky Of obstruc~ing the path of the sun,and the moon only mean tall buiId;il ;lgs.Prof. K. A. NilakantaSastri once remarked that whlie interpreting inscriptional,evidence we have to be cautious. "All. the buildings in


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Wb.eila(,~ ;I :

c o n t i n u e 'tochild''th6'

~yoa,tiger", evea the~ c } ; i'tll~t .wh.at

. 1 1 ( V q p ic p , as sag eri t~al l!lstin.g .folt(l 1000 d~y~

witb

throqgmr i ,interpret.ationn SQ!flite o f the rules of interpretjl.t\,opaiI!lJ~~eptedby Hindu l,.aW:.;aFel~b:~jJo!lJ~rWil1g:-:

'When aJis!mte~ce:iS'comp'l~te'iahd J e K P 1 ! o i t " in Senslil"Jandnigra:mfI'liar, 110> ' !a. : tt ! il Iap~I ' " S W 0 u } l i F ,l b e made tt@l,;hviistitS'J', - ; ' ; ' l f t j . , e \ i J n i n g l ; > ; i { ; ~ { ; j t ; ~~ ' ~ : 1 - ~ t ; f o ~t J i ' : ; { w it:} i

2. s .1~t,relIitHlih: O n e ' l .~~a'Iiin8'~'ltal1:ei:i';':tt.. . '. 'rrMl d i i e l i l i t i ' 9 . b e S l l O t : ;a!geeiWtili;~hiiiooi~ejt?'1lf~1!! I D e a n i n g is'iti; H~d r e t e r f f ii \ 1 : e d l i '' b y ' I ~ e : l l e o n t e l f f ! & 1'_ " . "; ,~/t'-",',:,'; ~ 1 ,: ',; ~J((\i, I, .r,'i, { 1: _ ,':,~ , ( " " : . ' - : ~ : : / i, ' , ; : r '" " , ' , : _ , _ : . " J i /'3"rWhen, ~QrdSI or. sentelll~e~,!we'llot . ~ ~ p H , c ' i q ;RI,.,~~~aril~ic~r.n~cted,i ,th~;y:,.~b,09:14: 1 - 1 , ! t" c p ; n R M s i ,e p ' \~ n \ ~ 1 ~ ~ { ~ ~ ~ c e ;

!r r 1th ' ID'~~atlpaL J;).l~~!S~T\'~~?'~o, : ( o , t ' . p : t ~,W.~,f \H~gf}flsc~ ~ ~ ~ .nce,., " ..4. When a sentence or a clause by itself does I\(j),~r"li~'i~.

any' complete sense, it should be considered eUiptica ,la n < ; l necessary words must be added to make' a:.o~:i)lplet:e sense, suitable to the context.

Communication consists in the Speaker A expressing the,\ .$~t1fllceS '. the thought-content T. and the .jistener

:B on'u'eari . e sentence S grasping the thought-content T.The grasping is possible without any conscious interpreta-the part of the in the case of well known

common use. No

the king's, capital were made of'gold"foundin an Inscription,actuallYP'voves only that there were. buildings in the city andtll:atjgol,d\wasa'p~e6ious nietat, Wil'en' aPdet.comp~tet th,eb:re.a.sts of ifhii:heroine to a m'ountaih, or even: a:~ot;~ore~qertakes it in the literal sense'. "

, \Even a .normal ,explicit sentence can be interpreted iti. d iffere,"Ilt ways; but the prpper,jnterpretation that is acceptedshould be one that is 'suitable in the context. The sentenceB r& hma1J :o na han t avya 'r ). , ' 'A l;lxabm,in should not be killed'does not mean that all female Brahmias: should be killed orthat all male BraillniQSeJtoept one sh'01il.Td : 5 l t kH'ed.Hetethe mascul ine gender an:d the singwa.\1n :amll ie '. rmne :ti l' l!>t'~l!~fjfant, It ref, ~~, totP~ cI~s~ .0{"B,ra~mins, N~ga~i ,~en ( l$~~el ; l ee . .~f this. ,t,~~~ r~fe~, tq, tP."cl~~~.:t,l:u.tlpq~iq:ve, 'se~te~c~s!likelig~,~~!lcp/at 'prl~g a co"" 'I, re~~r, qJHi~o:tq~~~!tiCUl,arl~,d, Jhe il'!ten~d~dD1e~nIng is tlil'!.La s~gIe.,~9w\~ho1ll(,i,bebrougbt.

has as, its centrala source trans-

:J'c:O'nS~[(jUSintent to affect',. 'view, especially the'~i~t~ .. $:enl tences are uttered to '


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26

suggest a possibre coarse 'ofactioQs.The ultimate aiminfl):!.encethe ~ind'bfthe' USreMr ,'to do~4eJ>j t{) c~n~ley, a en \ " " "~ , , A:r:M.e, idW.ided":into ''PI''o'P(~~i~~

Kunjunni Raja Mimamsa 1988 Opt

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