klasifikasi mikroorganisme

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KLASIFIKASI MIKROORGANISME

Taksonomi Ilmu yang mempelajari teori klasifikasi yang

mencakup dasar prinsip serta aturan klasifikasi

Klasifikasi

Praktek taksonomi yaitu proses penataan organisme ke dalam suatu kelompok (takson) berdasarkan hubungan kemiripan (similaritas) atau hubungan kekerabatan (evolusioner)Sifat2 biokimia, filogenetik, FisiologiGenetikmorfologi

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Sejarah KlasifikasiCarl Linnaeus (1735 M) Dunia Plantae (tumbuhan) Dunia Animalia (hewan)

Ernst Haeckel (1866) Dunia Plantae Dunia Animalia Dunia ProtistaHerbert Copeland

(1956) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Monera

R.H. Whittaker (1969)Dunia Monera Dunia Protista Dunia Fungi Dunia Plantae Dunia Animalia

Carl Richard Woese (1977) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Mycota (dunia jamur) Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

Cavalier-Smith (1998) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista (protozoa) Kingdom Chromista Kingdom Eumycota Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

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Kriteria klasifikasi:Spora atau FlagellaHasil pewarnaan GramPigmen spesifikAktifitas proteinReaksi immunologiReaksi biokimia

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Dasar klasifikasi:

Aristoteles ( 400 SM – 1800-an) : kenampakan morfologi luar

E. Haeckel (1866): morfologi (mikroskopis) dan fisiologi

E. Chatton (1937) : struktur organisasi interna sel

(prokaryotik & eukaryotik)

R.H. Whittaker (1969) : organisasi internal sel; nutrisi; struktur organisasi selular

Carl. Woese (1978) : molekul RNA ribosomal (biologi molekular)

16S rRNA (Arkhaea & Bakteria) 18S rRNA (Eukarya)

Sistem klasifikasi:

Fenetik: berdasarkan kemiripan sifat

Filogenetik: berdasarkan hubungan evolusi

Pendekatan/Metode klasifikasi:Klasifikasi klasik monotetikKlasifikasi numerik-fenetik- politetik

(berdasarkan kesamaan morfologi)Klasifikasi kimiawi (khemotaksonomi)Klasifikasi molekular (taksonomi molekular)Klasifikasi polifasik

1. Conventional ClassificationMajor characteristics used in conventional classification:

Cell shapeCell sizeColonial morphologyUltrastructural

characteristicsStaining behaviourMechanism of

motilityCellular inclusionsCarbon & nitrogen

sources

Cell wall constituents

Energy sourcesFermentation

productsGrowth temperature

optimum & rangeOsmotic toleranceOxygen

relationshipspH optimum &

growth rangeSensitivity to

metabolic inhibitors & antibiotics

Feature:

2. Adansonian or Numerical Classification

Numerical taxonomy, the use of computers.

A large number of biochemical, morphological and cultural chara-cteristics are used to determine the degree of similarity between organisms (similarity matris) and conversion to dendogram (phenogram)

3. Phylogenetic Classification

An evolutionary arrangement of species.

Sharing a recent ancestor as in plants and animals (fossil records)

In bacteria?

Possible by Molecular Methods Genetic Homology:

Base composition (GC ratio)Nucleic acid hybridisation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis (16 S

rRNA dan 18 S rRNA)Protein profiles and amino acid sequences

Tree of Life: Three Domain Carl. Woese (1978)

Types of Eukaryotes

Protozoa Algae

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Unicellular eukaryote

Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

May move using pseudopods, cilia or flagella

e.g. Amoeba

Unicellular/multicellular eukaryote

Has cellulose cell walls

Gain energy through photosynthesis

Produce molecular and organic compounds

Fungi (singular: Fungus)

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EukaryotesChitin cell wallsUse organic chemicals for

energyMolds and mushrooms

are multicellular, consists of mycelia (composed of filaments called hyphae)

Yeasts are unicellular

Most Species of Eubacteria may be Grouped Based on Staining

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Gram-NegativeLack thicker layer

of peptidoglycan

Stain pink

Endotoxins

Gram-PositiveThicker layer of

peptidogycanStain purpleExotoxins (released

when bacteria die)

Gram- negative Gram-positive

Viruses

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Too small to be observed with light microscope

Consists of DNA/RNA coreCore is surrounded by protein coatCoat may be enclosed in a lipid envelopeViruses are replicated only when they

are in living host cellBacteriophage-viruses that infect

bacteriaViroids-nucleic acid without protein

coatingPrions- Infectious protenacious particles

TaxonomyDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies

Klasifikasi dan Hierarki Taksonomis:

Hierarki Taksonomis

Dom ain Eukarya Bakteria Arkhaea

Dunia Plantae Bakteria Arkhaea

Phylum Anthophyta Proteobacteria Crenarcheota

Classis Monocotyledoneae Gamma Proteobacteria Thermoprotei

Ordo Commelinales Enterobacteriales Sulfolobales

Familia Poaceae Enterobacteriaceae Sulfolobaceae

Genus Zea Salmonella Sulfolobus

Species Zea mays S. dysenteriae Slf. Metallicus

Practical taxonomy

P ep tos trep tococcu sP ep toc occu s

S arc in aR u m in ococcu s

an aerob ic

G em ellaP ed iococcu sL eu con os tocL aco tococcu s

S tap h ylococcu sM ic rococcu s

S trep tococcu sE n terococcu s

aerob ic

G +cocc i

N on -sp oreP rop ion ib ac teriu m

M ob ilu n cu sB ifid ob ac teriu m

C los trid iu m -sp ore

an aerob ic

L is teriaE rys ip e lo trixG ard n ere lla

B ac illu sC oryn eb ac teriu mA rcan ob ac teriu m

R h od ococcu s

aerob ic

G ram +rod s

G ram p os itive

V e illon e llaM eg asp h oera

an aerob ic

N eisseriaM oraxe lla

B ran h am e lla

aerob ic

G -cocc i

H aem op h ilu sL eg ion e llaB arton e llaE iken e lla ...

B ord e te llaP as teu re llaF ran c isce lla

B ru ce lla

E N TE R O B A C TE R IA C E A

N O N F E R M E N TE R SP seu d om on asA c in etob ac ter

S ten otro fom on as ......

V ib rion aceaeC am p ylob ac ter

H e licob ac ter

aerob ic

L ep to trich aW olin e lla

B ac tero id esP orp h yrom on as

P revote llaF u sob ac teriu m

an aerob ic

G -rod s

lG ram n eg ative

B ac teria

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, ChlamydiaRicketsiaceae

Spirochetales - Spirochetes, Leptospira, BorreliaMycobacterium

Nocardia , Actinomycetes,

Miscellanous bacteria

• Linnaeus system for scientific nomenclature

• Each organism has two names: 1) Genus

2) Specific epithet

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Naming and Classifying microorganisms

Bacterial Taxonomy Based on Bergey’s Manual

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology – five volume resource covering all known procaryotesclassification based on genetic information –

phylogenetictwo domains: Archaea and Bacteriafive major subgroups with 25 different phyla

Major Groups of BacteriaVol 1A: Domain Archaea

primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition

Vol 1B: Domain Bacteria Vol 2-5:

Phylum Proteobacteria – Gram-negative cell walls

Phylum Firmicutes – mainly Gram-positive with low G + C content

Phylum Actinobacteria – Gram-positive with high G + C content

Tatanama (Nomenklatur): International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature

(Sneath, 1992).International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

(Greuter et al., 1994)International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride

et al., 1985)Sistem binomial: nama spesies terdiri dari dua

kataBahasa Latin atau diperlakukan sebagai bahasa

LatinNama genus : diawali dengan huruf kapital e.g. BacillusPenunjuk spesies : ditulis dengan huruf kecil e.g. subtilisNama spesies : Bacillus subtilis

Scientific Names

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Italicized or underlined.

The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is with lowercase

Could be as an honor for the scientist

A Latin origin

e.g. Escherichia coli (E. coli)

- discoverer: Theodor Escherich

- describes the habitat (colon/intestine)

e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

- Clustered (staphylo), spherical (cocci)

- Gold colored colonies (aureus)

In intestine

On skin

Binomial Nomenclature

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Examples: Escherichia coli, E. coli, Escherichia spp., and “the genus Escherichia”

The genus name (Escherichia) is always capitalized

The species name (coli) is never capitalized

The species name is never used without the genus name (e.g., coli standing alone, by itself, is a mistake!)

The genus name may be used without the species name (e.g., Escherichia may stand alone, though when doing so it no longer actually describes a species)

When both genus and species names are present, the genus name always comes first (e.g., Escherichia coli, not coli Escherichia)

Binomial Nomenclature

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Both the genus and species names are always italicized (or underlined)—always underline if writing binomials by hand

The first time a binomial is used in a work, it must be spelled out in its entirety (e.g., E. coli standing alone in a manuscript is not acceptable unless you have already written Escherichia coli in the manuscript)

The next time a biniomial is used it may be abbreviated (e.g., E. for Escherichia) though this is done typically only when used in combination with the species name (e.g., E. coli)

The species name is never abbreviated

Terima kasih

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