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Paradigma baru Penyuluhan: Komunikasi untuk INOVASI 1
25

Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Apr 22, 2015

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Contoh penerapan analisis kelembagaan pada objek adopsi inovasi pertanian
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Page 1: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Paradigma baru Penyuluhan:

Komunikasi untuk INOVASI

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Page 2: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Perubahan paradigma :

◦ From diffusion to systems of agricultural innovation.

Alasannya: 1. inovasi teknologi bisa datang dari banyak sumber, 2. ada perubahan dari sustainable agriculture and

progress menuju ecological knowledge system, 3. berkembangnya interdependence model dan

innovation system framework, dimana yang terlibat tak hanya research and extension, tetap juga technology users, private companies NGO, dan supportive structures (pasar dan kredit).

4. pentingnya learning processes ( = a way of evolving new arrangements specific to local contexts). 2

Page 3: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Transformasi pemikiran ttg penyuluhan dari LAMA ke BARU:

From To

Looking at extension as national government service

Seeing extension as a set of functions, to be performed by a variety of players, at different levels

Looking at extension to transfer technologies

Seeing a wider mandate for extension, that also includes farmer mobilization, organization and education

Looking at extension as a distinct, separate institution

Seeing a coherent, comprehensive knowledge system for the generation, transfer and uptake of knowledge and technology, that includes the farmers, research, extension and education

Using a linear, sequential and one-directional model of technology transfer

A more realistic, cyclical and dynamic model of information exchange and knowledge dissemination (farmers, researchers, educators and extensionists)

Designing projects from a teaching perspective, and budgeting for teaching efforts

Allowing projects to develop a learning mode, engaging all major stakeholders.

Paying lip service to the potential of information technology for rural development

Taking some risks by including experimental information technologies in projects to link research institutes, extension managers, farmer organizations and others to each other and to the rest of the world.

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Page 4: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Rapid Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge System (RAAKS):

dikembangkan Department for Communication and Innovation Studies of Wageningen University, berdasarkan penelitian dan kegiatan di lebih 25 negara di Latin America, Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia.

Digunakan untuk innovative capacity development and social learning processes at the community level among rural organisations and institutions and, more recently, in agricultural market chains.

Keunggulannya: a participatory action research methodology that provides ways for those involved in complex situations to understand what is happening and to begin to find answers for themselves.

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Page 5: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

RAAKS methodology:better known and more accessible to a

new group of potential users in the field on knowledge management.

a participatory action research methodology and alternative system

a methodology that has been designed and tested to help stakeholders gain a better understanding of their performance as innovators.

provides a way to improve the generation, exchange and utilization of knowledge and information for innovation.

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Page 6: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Why RAAKS?

RAAKS is a participatory action-research methodology that attempts to provide ways for those involved in such complex situations to begin to find answers for themselves.

RAAKS can be used to focus on the present and potential social organization of actors (groups or individuals) in a situation where innovation is desirable. It encourages the team to think about the system you are in, what you want from it, what it achieves and does not, and what is needed for improvement.

For whom?

RAAKS is first of all useful to organizations or institutions who feel pressed to improve their performance with respect to innovation. 6

Page 7: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Ways to use RAAKS:

dapat dipakai oleh field worker, trainer, manager, researcher, dan consultant.

As a researcher, you can use this method to develop an understanding of the social organization of innovation, based on input from those who are involved; this can be used as a basis for proposals for action and/or further analysis.

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Page 8: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

RAAKS study has three objectives:

To identify opportunities to improve a knowledge and information system - that is, to better the organization, decision making, and exchange of information  among actors, with the aim of improving the potential for learning and innovation;

To create awareness among relevant actors (such as target groups or constituencies, managers, policymakers, producers, traders, researchers and extension workers) with respect to the opportunities and constraints that effect their performance as innovators;

To identify actors and potential actors who do or could act effectively to remove constraints and take advantage of opportunities to improve innovative performance and to encourage their commitment to such changes.

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Page 9: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Analisis KELEMBAGAAN

(Institutional Analysis)

Page 10: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

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Buku Richard Scott. 2008. Institutions and Organizations.

Institution= “….are composed of cultured-cognitive, normative, and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning of social live”.

Lembaga dan Organisasi

Page 11: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Kekeliruan yang sering terjadi:

1. Menyebut lembaga sama dengan organisasi

2. Menganggap dengan membuat organisasi telah menyelesaikan masalah kelembagaan

3. Kajian kelembagaan biasanya hanya meneliti kebijakan-kebijakan

Page 12: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

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In English Biasa diterjemahkan

menjadi

Terminologi semestinya

Batasan dan materinya

1. institution Kelembagaan, institusi

Lembaga norma, regulasi, pengetahuan-kultural. Menjadi pedoman dalam berperilaku aktor

2. institutional Kelembagaan, institusi

Kelembagaan Hal-hal berkenaan dengan lembaga.

3. organization

Organisasi, lembaga

Organisasi social group, yg sengaja dibentuk, punya anggota, utk mencapai tujuan tertentu, aturan dinyatakan tegas.

4. organizational

Keorganisasian, kelembagaan

Keorganisasian Hal-hal berkenaan dengan organisasi.

Rekonseptualisasi “Lembaga” dan “Organisasi”

Page 13: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

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Institutions (Lembaga) = norma + aturan + cultural cognitive

Organization = organisasi

Network

= individu

Page 14: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Menurut New Institutionalism, ada 3 pilar dalam lembaga:

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1.Regulative pillar

“rules define relationship among role” rule setting, monitoring, sanksi kapasitas untuk menegakkan aturan reward and punishment melalui mekanisme informal (folkways) dan formal (polisi, pengeadilan) represi, constraint, dan meng-empower aktor

2.Normative pillar

norma menghasilkan preskripsi (=lebih dari antisipasi dan prediksi), evaluatif, dan tanggung jawab

mencakup: value (= prefered and desirable) dan norm (how things should be done) Gunanya agar tahu apa goal dan objectives kita, dan cara mencapainya meng-constraint dan meng-empower aktor

3.Cultural-cognitive pillar

Intinya meaning Konsep bersama tentang kehidupan sosial dan kerangka dimana makna-makna

diproduksi Sedimentasi makna dan kristalisasi makna dalam bentuk objektif Berisi proses interpretatif internal yang dibentuk oleh kerangka kultural eksternal Situation shared secara kolektif Bersifat individual dan variatif Culture = what is and what should be

Page 15: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Khusus untuk organisasi:

Pedoman singkat untuk menilai sebuah organisasi (Short Guide for Organizational Assessment):

1. Kinerja organisasi (Organizational Performance)2. Kemampuan organisasi tumbuh di

lingkungannya (The Enabling Environment and Organizational Performance)

3. Motivasi organisasi (Organizational Motivation) 4. Kapasitas Organisasi (Organizational Capacity)

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Page 16: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Analisis Kelembagaan Inovasi

Page 17: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Kelembagaan (institutional):

1. Aspek regulatif - UU No. 7 tahun 1996, tentang Pangan - PP No 11 tahun 2010 ttg pemanfaatan tanah terlantar- Pedoman umum pelaksanaan Program - SK Pemda tentang peserta program

2. Aspek Normatif - Pernyataan Presiden RI pada Konferensi Dewan Ketahanan Pangan di (JICC) Oktober 2010: bahwa ketahanan dan kemandirian pangan nasional harus dimulai dari rumah tangga

- Pemanfaatan pekarangan oleh masy desa untuk pertanian sudah berlangsung lama

- Ketahanan pangan keluarga didukung secara kultural- Aspek-aspek kultural yang mendukung, menghambat, membolehkan,

3. Aspek pengetahuan dan sikap (cultural cognitif)

- sikap penerimaan rumah tangga terhadap ide RPL - Pengetahuan rumah tangga dalam bertani dengan teknologi spesifik- Kesiapan rumah tangga mengikuti program RPL

Page 18: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Keorganisasian (organizational)

- kelompok rumah tangga-Pemerintahan Desa, PKK, penyuluh, -Perguruan tinggi, LSM-Swasta, pengembang- Pemerintah daerah-Badan Litbang Pertanian, BPTP -Kementerian Pertanian

Page 19: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Contoh: Dukungan Kelembagaan pada Eskalasi M-

KRPL (Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari) ke Depan

Page 20: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Kelembagaan (institutional):

1. Aspek regulatif - UU No. 7 tahun 1996, tentang Pangan - PP No 11 tahun 2010 ttg pemanfaatan tanah terlantar- Pedoman umum pelaksanaan Program - SK Pemda tentang peserta program

2. Aspek Normatif - Pernyataan Presiden RI pada Konferensi Dewan Ketahanan Pangan di (JICC) Oktober 2010: bahwa ketahanan dan kemandirian pangan nasional harus dimulai dari rumah tangga

- Pemanfaatan pekarangan oleh masy desa untuk pertanian sudah berlangsung lama

- Ketahanan pangan keluarga didukung secara kultural- Aspek-aspek kultural yang mendukung, menghambat, membolehkan,

3. Aspek pengetahuan dan sikap (cultural cognitif)

- sikap penerimaan rumah tangga terhadap ide RPL - Pengetahuan rumah tangga dalam bertani dengan teknologi spesifik- Kesiapan rumah tangga mengikuti program RPL

Page 21: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Lanjutan ….

Keorganisasian (organizational)

- kelompok rumah tangga-Pemerintahan Desa, PKK, penyuluh, -Perguruan tinggi, LSM-Swasta, pengembang- Pemerintah daerah-Badan Litbang Pertanian, BPTP -Kementerian Pertanian

Page 22: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Matrik pembagian peran berdasarkan tahapan program

Perencanaan Pelaksanaan MonevLevel desa:Rumah tangga dan kelompok rumah tangga

mengikuti sosialisasi pelaku utama Responden utk monev

Pemerintahan desa, PKK, Pokja, Penyuluh

membantu pembentukan kelompok

pendampingan teknologi

Informan utk monev

Level daerah:Pemda (Kantor ketahanan pangan)

mengidentifikasi dan menentukan sasaran

koordinator tingkat kabupaten

-Pelaksana monev-penanggung jawab keberlanjutan dan replikasi kegiatan

Perguruan Tinggi, LSM Mengikuti sosialisasi Dukungan dan pengawalan teknologi

-nara sumber

Swasta, pengembang perumahan

Mengikuti sosialisasi Fasilitasi pemanfaatan lahan kosong di kawasan perumahan

Nara sumber

Page 23: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Lanjutan:

Perencanaan Pelaksanaan Monev

Level nasional:

Badan Litbang pertanian/BPTP

-membangun model KRPL-pelatihan budidaya, pengolahan, dan pemasaran

Narasumber dan pengawalan teknologi dan kelembagaan

Nara sumber

Kementerian Pertanian (Badan Ketahanan Pangan)

-penanggung jawab sosialisasi

Koordinasi level nasional

-monev level nasional

Page 24: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

Matrik pembagian peran antar stakholders dalam sistem agribisnis KRPL

Fungsi agribisnisPihak/organisasi yang menjalankan

Individu rumah tangga

Kelompok Rumah tangga

Pendamping (PPL, PT, LSM,

pengembang)

BPTP/Litbang

Swasta/pasar

1.penyediaan benih V V V V

2.penyediaan pupuk & obat-obatan V V V3.penyediaan modal V V V

4.penyediaan tenaga kerja V V

5.penyediaan air utk penyiraman V -

6.kegiatan usahatani V V

7.pengolahan hasil pertanian V V V

8.pemasaran hasil pertanian V V V V

9.penyediaan informasi (tekno logi, pasar, dll)

V V V V

Ket: V = dapat dilakukan (opsional)

Page 25: Kelembagaan adopsi inovasi (yuti)

TERIMA KASIH