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II Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia.ppt

Jul 07, 2018

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    SUPPORT SYSTEM

    DR. dr.Zaenal M. Sofro.AIFM,Sport & Circ.Med.

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    External to Internalenvironment

    ..

    a hint of integration?

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    Bone Modeling in Responseto Mechanical Loading

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    6

    Physical activity – energy exp.

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    HEMATOPOIESIS: Formation of Blood Cells

    BONE MARROW!!

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    Bone Architecture:Cortical andTrabecular Bone

    Trabe lar"Can ello s# bone isable to res$ond to

    me %ani al stim limore ra$idl& t%an

    orti al bone'Minimal Essential Strain"MES# refers to t%et%res%old stim l s t%atinitiates ne( boneformation'

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    Objective• Be able to describe the relevant

    cellular structures involved inmuscle contraction and the eventsthat occur at the cellular level duringthe production of force by filamentinteraction

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    World largest biceps

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    Test Weightof Load

    • Test the weightby lifting acorner of theobject.

    • If it is too heavyor if the objectis an oddshape, STOP

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    Kathleen Ohman,

    View the animation in slide

    show

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    Sliding- lament model ofsarcomere shortening

    !. "rrangement of thic# and thin filament$ Ineach sarcomere two sets of actinfilaments e%tend partway toward thecenter. The myosin filaments are arrangedsuch that they partially overlap the actinfilaments. &yosin heads on each side

    point away from the center of thesarcomer

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    '. (uring contraction, the interaction of myosinheads with the actin filaments pulls the thinfilaments toward the center of the sarcomere.The actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother.

    ). *ross+bridges attachment between myosinheads and binding sites on actin filaments

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    -. hen a muscle cell is stimulated, myosin headsare energi/ed by "TP. They attach to adjacentactin filaments, and tilt in a short 0power stro#e1toward the center of the sarcomere. 2ach powerstro#e re3uires an "TP. ith many power stro#esin rapid succession, the actin filaments are madeto slide past the myosin filaments.

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    !"scle Str"ct"re

    • Basic functional

    unit of the muscleis the sarcomere

    • Sarcomere iscomposed ofthic# filaments ofmyosin and thinfilaments of actin

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    !otor #nit

    • (efinition$ – "ll the branches of a

    single somatic motorneuron and all the fibersit innervates

    • &4 5ecruitment – &ore &4s are activated

    when there is a demandfor increased strength

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    !"sc"lar contraction $%&!"sc"lar contraction $%&

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    'ontrol of 'ontraction

    !. &otor neuron control – 2very muscle cell is contacted by a

    motor nerve a%on or a branch of a motornerve a%on."ction pot. In a%on release of "ch

    from a%on terminal stimulation ofmuscle fiber

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    InternationalProgramme '. &uscle action potential invades S5 – The membrane of the muscle fiber is

    electrically e%citable just li#e a nerve cella%on. "ch causes the muscle fiber todepolari/e and this triggers an all+or+none&"P which is conducted along the full lengthof the muscle fiber and which invades themembranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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    InternationalProgramme ). *alcium released into cytoplasm,*omple%es with troponin

    tropomyosin changes shape

    -. Tropomyosin moves, uncoversbinding site on actin cross+bridges form, filaments slide

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    6. *alcium removed fiber rela%esThe S5 membrane has an active pumpthat pulls *a bac# into the chambers of

    the S5. This lowers the intracellular *aion concentration, troponin again bindstightly to tropomysin, tropomyosin againcovers binding sites on actin filaments.*ross bridges can no longer form andmuscle rela%es 7sarcomeres return torest length8

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    Energ( for contraction

    !. *reatine phosphate dephosphoryla tion 9ast regeneration of "TP from "(P and Pi

    '. :lycogen glucose. "erobic respirationprovides most of the "TP needed during

    moderate e%ercise). Blood glucose and 9atty acids 9uel for

    aerobic respiration when muscle glycogene%hausted

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    -. 9ermentation 7anaerobic metabolism8hen respiratory and circulatory

    systems cannot deliver enough o%ygen tosustain muscle contraction duringvigorous e%ercise, glycolysis supplies"TP and produces lactic acid 7lactate8from the brea#down of glucose.

    •5ecall that the net yield is ' "TP perglucose mulecule instead of )-+);.

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    Metabolic adaptations during exercise (Fig. 40-12)

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    10 contractions

    Unlimited

    400 contractions

    50 contractions

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    )TLET SE*)+ ,OL)

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    !"scle tension strength

    fatig"e!. &uscle tension total force developed by

    cross bridge activation. Isometric

    contraction occurs when the muscle isstimulated but not allowed to shorten7constant length8.

    • Strength of contraction 7depends on

    muscle si/e, how many cells arecontracting

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    InternationalProgramme how rapidly the nervous system isstimulating them= motor unit single

    motor neuron and all the musclefibers7cells8 that it forms junctions with.5ecruitment of more motor unitsresults in greater tensiondevelopment8

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    This g"re corresponds to point ' on thegraph. The m"scle is stretched to a point

    where there is ver( little overlap betweenactin and m(osin. The isometric tension will below.

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    )t point , on the graph there is considerableoverlap between actin and m(osin. There are

    man( active cross bridges so the isometrictension will be high.

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    )t point ) there is a lot of overlap betweenactin and m(osin b"t the actin laments are

    p"shing on each other. This distorts thelaments wea/ening the cross bridges.

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    !"scle twitch tetan"s• hole muscle stimulated by brief

    electrical shoc# record isometrictension, rela%ation over time.5epeated shoc#s cause 0staircase1tension development.

    • Tetanus large contraction due to

    rapid, repeated stimulation so thattwitches run together

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    0atig"e• &aintained tetanic contraction leads to

    eventual decline in tension fatigue.• Some muscles fatigue rapidly, but also

    recover rapidly.• Other muscles fatigue more slowly, but

    ta#e much longer to recover.

    • 5egular e%ercise can ma#e muscles moreresistant to fatigue by increasing bloodsupply and number of mitochondria

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    !"scle 'ontraction

    !. Stimulation causes release of *a'> fromSarcoplasmic 5eticulum 7muscle 258

    '. *a'> binds to troponin 7 * subunit8). Structural change in troponin removes

    tropomyosin from actin+myosin bindingsite

    -. &yosin head contacts actin molecule6. &yosin "TPase splits "TP providing

    energy for 0rowing bac#ward1 motion ofmyosin head

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    ;. "nother "TP molecule becomesbound to myosin causing release,return of head to normal state, andreattachment to actin 7 if *a'>present8

    ?. 5epeat process until contractionattained

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    !"scle 'ontraction!echanics• &uscles "re Organi/ed Into &otor

    4nits

    – hen a single nerve enters a muscle itsplits and ma#es neuromuscular junctions 7@&As8 with several musclecells

    – " nerve and the muscle cells it ma#es@&As with is called a motor unit

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    InternationalProgramme • hen the nerve fires the whole

    motor unit is stimulated and themuscle cells contract together

    • &uscle with large motor units havecoarse movements

    • &uscle with small motor units givefine, graded movements

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    'ross-,ridge 0ormation

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    )ctin !(o lament

    1"ringcontraction

    calci"m binds totroponin

    'overs actin-bindingsites at rest

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    2ole of 'a 34 in !"scle

    'ontraction

    Ca +2'a 33

    'a 33

    5 )ctin-binding sitesare exposed as a res"ltof 'a 34 binding totroponin complex thatca"ses aconformational shift oftropom(osin

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    'ross-,ridge '(cle

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    Cross-bridge Cycle

    This animation by Mi e !ee"es#$aboratory of Molec%lar &iology in the U'and the Cambridge (nstit%te for Medical)esearch

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    S"mmar(6

    Excitation-'ontraction'o"pling

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    Two ,asic T(pes of'ontraction )re Isotonicand Isometric

    • In an isotonic contraction the

    muscle shortens, #eeping a constanttension• In an isometric contraction the

    muscle does not shortens andtension builds up• &ost real contraction are mi%tures of

    the ' types

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    InternationalProgramme • " Single @erve Impulse Produce a

    &uscle Twitch – Single stimuli usually release enough

    "*h in the @&As of the motor unit toproduce action potentials in the musclemembranes

    – This will cause the muscle to contractafter a short delay

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    InternationalProgramme • Order of events. "ch release

    muscle action potential *arelease contraction

    • " simple twitch gives only ' +) C ofthe ma%imum tension possible+themuscle starts to rela% before the

    ma%imum is reached

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    InternationalProgramme • &uscle *ontraction *an Summate to

    Produce &ore 9orce – If a second stimulus is given before a

    muscle rela%es the muscle will shortenfurther, building up more tension than asimple twitch+ this is called summation

    – If many stimuli are given very close

    together the muscle will go into asmooth continuous contraction calledtetanus

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    InternationalProgramme • "nother ay to Increase the 9orce

    of *ontraction is to 5ecruit &ore&otor 4nits – 2ach muscle is made up of tens of

    thousands of motor units – 9orce generated by a muscle can be

    increased by firing more and moremotor units

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    InternationalProgramme • (ifferent Types of S#eletal &uscle

    9ibers Speciali/e for 2ndurance orSpeed – &uscle cells 7fibers8 speciali/e for their

    type of activity• "theletes have fiber types that match their

    activities

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    InternationalProgramme • 2ndurance fibers 7type I 8

    – Dave many mitochondria+themitochondria give these fibers a red

    appearance because one of themitochondrial en/ymes contains 9e

    – "lso contain a red pigment calledmyoglobin which stores O'

    – *ontract slowly but resist fatigue

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    InternationalProgramme • 9ast twitch fibers 7type II8

    – 9ibers speciali/ed for fast contractionsare white+they contain few

    mitochondria – 5elying on glycolysis to supply energy

    7glycolysis is faster than respiration8 – *ontract rapidly but fatigue 3uic#ly

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    • 9iber type is mostly geneticallydetermined, but some e%perimentshave shown conversion of one fibertype into another

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