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Cufgk >

Cufgk

@dfgds

 Hf shftkbd `drnrkd:  Nenfktn eusanrkn, uf onskbkdekahtd9 Qnradsayp`n adaakfhn, uf nsadekahtd9 pnf auokhrtd bh ed`d9 uf

quktrkbkd9 uf Nsphrgkmmus adfkbk₭cdrd.

Amnskckanak₭f akhft•ckan

Bdekfkd: Huanrkdtn

_hkfd:   Cufgk

M., >781

Bkvkskdfhs

•• A ytrkbkdeyadtn

•• Zygdeyadtn

•• Gmdehrdeyadtn

•• Ekardspdrkbkn

•• Nsadeyadtn

•• Onskbkdeyadtn

•• Omnstdamnbkdeyadtn

•• Fhdanmmkenstkgdeyadtn

•• Eyxdeyadtn

Hf okdmdg‚n, hm tƟrekfd Cufgk (mnt‚f, mkthrnmehfth "`dfgds" ) bhskgfn n uf grupd bh drgnfkseds huanrkdtns hftrh mds

quh sh hfauhftrnf mds ed`ds, mns mhvnburns y mns shtns. Qh amnskckanf hf uf rhkfd bkstkftd nm bh mns pmnftns, nfkenmhs y

prdtkstns. Hstn bkchrhfaknak₭f sh bhoh, hftrh dtrns adsns, n quh pdshhf pnrhbhs ahmumnrhs adepuhstns pdr quktkfn, n

bkchrhfakn bh mns pmnftns, quh adftkhfhf ahmumdsn. Qh `n bhsauokhrtd quh drgnfkseds quh pnrha‚nf `dfgds hf rhnmkbnb

fd md hrnf, y quh drgnfkseds quh fd md pnrha‚nf hf rhnmkbnb s‚ md hrnf, sk mmneneds "`dfgd" n tdbds mds drgnfkseds

bhrkvnbds bhm quh nfahstrnmehfth nbqukrk₭ mn anpnakbnb bh cdrenr ufn pnrhb ahmumnr bh quktkfn. Bhokbd n hmmd, sk okhf

hsth tnx₭f hst‖ okhf bhmkektnbd bhsbh hm puftd bh vkstn hvdmutkvd, n…f sh hst‖f hstubknfbd mns rhmnakdfhs ckmdghfƟtkansbh mds grupds ehfds adfdakbds, y su mkstn bh suotnxdfhs aneok₭ eua`d adf hm tkhepd hf md quh rhsphatn n grupds

euy bhrkvnbds d euy onsnmhs.

Mds `dfgds sh hfauhftrnf hf `‖oktnts euy bkvhrsds: puhbhf shr pkr₭ckmds ( \`dmkdtn anrodfnrkn) d adpr₭ckmds

( \skmdayoh adprdp`kmn). Qhg…f su hadmdg‚n, sh puhbhf amnskckanr hf auntrd  grupds: snprdcktds, mkquhfkznbds,

ekadrrkz₭ghfds y pnr‖sktds. Mds `dfgds snprdcktds puhbhf shr sustrntd hspha‚ckads: Enrnsekus ouxk d fd hspha‚ckads:

 Eyahfn purn. Mds skeokdfths puhbhf shr: `dfgds mkquhfkznbds Onskbkdmka`hfhs: Dep`nmkfn hr kahtdrue y 

nsadmka`hfhs: Amnbdfkn adaakchrn y `dfgds ekadrr‚zkads: hspha‚ckads:  Mnatnrkus tdrekfdsus (sdmd ekadrrkzn adf

nohbumhs) y fd hspha‚ckads:  @hohmden ehsdp`nhue. Hf mn enydr‚n bh mds ansds, sus rhprhshftnfths sdf pdad

adfspkauds bhokbd n su bkekfutd tnen†d9 suhmhf vkvkr hf suhmds y juftds n enthrknmhs hf bhsadepdskak₭f y aded

skeokdfths bh pmnftns, nfkenmhs u dtrds `dfgds. Aunfbd cruatkckanf, fd dostnfth, prdbuahf hspdrdanrpds mmnentkvds

(mns shtns sdf uf hjhepmd bh hmmd). _hnmkznf ufn bkghstk₭f hxthrfn bh sus nmkehftds, sharhtnfbd hfzkens, y quh

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Cufgk ?

nosdrohf muhgd mns edmƟaumns bksuhmtns rhsumtnfths bh mn bkghstk₭f. N hstn cdren bh nmkehftnak₭f sh mh mmnen

dsedtrdckn, mn aunm hs skekmnr n mn quh sh bn hf mns pmnftns, phrd, n bkchrhfakn bh nquƟmmns, mds futrkhfths quh tdenf

sdf drg‖fkads. Mds `dfgds sdf mds bhsadepdfhbdrhs prkenrkds bh mn enthrkn euhrtn bh pmnftns y bh nfkenmhs hf

eua`ds hadsksthens, y aded tnmhs pdshhf uf pnphm hadm₭gkad euy rhmhvnfth hf mds akamds okdghdqu‚ekads.

Mds `dfgds tkhfhf ufn grnf kepdrtnfakn hadf₭ekan: mns mhvnburns sdf mns rhspdfsnomhs bh mn chrehftnak₭f bh mn

ahrvhzn y hm pnf, y sh bn mn rhadmhaak₭f y hm aumtkvd bh shtns aded mns trucns. Bhsbh >;2< sh `nf hepmhnbd pnrnprdbuakr kfbustrknmehfth nftkok₭tkads, ns‚ aded hfzkens (hsphaknmehfth prdthnsns). Nmgufns hsphakhs sdf nghfths bh

okdadftrdm bh pmngns. Dtrns prdbuahf ekadtdxkfns, adepuhstds okdnatkvds (aded mds nmanmdkbhs) quh sdf t₭xkads pnrn

`uenfds y dtrds nfkenmhs. Mns hfchrehbnbhs c…fgkans nchatnf n `uenfds, dtrds nfkenmhs y pmnftns9 hf hstns …mtkens,

nchatn n mn shgurkbnb nmkehftnrkn y nm rhfbkekhftd bh mds aumtkvds.

Mds `dfgds sh prhshftnf onjd bds cdrens prkfakpnmhs: `dfgds ckmnehftdsds (nftkgunehfth mmnenbds "ed`ds") y

`dfgds mhvnburkcdrehs. Hm auhrpd bh uf `dfgd ckmnehftdsd tkhfh bds pdrakdfhs, ufn rhprdbuatkvn y dtrn vhghtntkvn.Y>U

Mn pnrth vhghtntkvn, quh hs `npmdkbh y ghfhrnmehfth fd prhshftn admdrnak₭f, hst‖ adepuhstn pdr ckmnehftds mmnenbds

`kcns (usunmehfth ekardsa₭pkans)9 uf adfjuftd bh `kcns adfcdren hm ekahmkdY?U (usunmehfth vkskomh). N ehfubd mns

`kcns hst‖f bkvkbkbns pdr tnokquhs mmnenbds shptds.

Mds `dfgds mhvnburkcdrehs  ₭d skepmhehfth mhvnburns ₭ sdf skheprh ufkahmumnrhs, bh cdren ansk hscƟrkan. Fd

hxksthf hf hmmds ufn bkstkfak₭f hftrh auhrpd vhghtntkvd y rhprdbuatkvd.

Bhftrd bhm hsquhen bh mds akfad rhkfds bh Wkttnihr y Enrgumks, mds `dfgds phrthfhahf hf pnrth nm rhkfd prdtkstn (mds

`dfgds nehodkbhs y mds `dfgds adf zddspdrns) y nm rhkfd Cufgk (hm rhstd). Hf hm hsquhen bh da`d rhkfds bh

Anvnmkhr-Qekt` phrthfhahf hf pnrth nm rhkfd \rdtdzdn (mds `dfgds nehodkbhs), nm rhkfd A`rdekstn (mds \shubdcufgk)

y nm rhkfd Cufgk tdbds mds bhe‖s.. Mn bkvhrskbnb bh tnxn hfgmdonbn hf hm grupd hst‖ pdad hstubknbn9 sh hstken quh

hxksthf ufns >,8 ekmmdfhs bh hsphakhs, bh mns aunmhs nphfns hm 8% `nf skbd amnskckanbns. Burnfth mds skgmds PSKKK y

PKS, Mkffhd, A`rkstknf @hfbrki \hrsddf, y Hmkns Engfus Crkhs amnskckanrdf n mds `dfgds bh nauhrbd n su edrcdmdg‚n

d ckskdmdg‚n. Natunmehfth, mns tƟafkans bh Okdmdg‚n Edmhaumnr `nf phrektkbd hm hstnomhakekhftd bh ufn tnxdfde‚n

edmhaumnr onsnbn hf shauhfakns bh ‖akbd bhsdxkrrkodfuamhkad (NBF), quh bkvkbh nm grupd hf skhth ckmds.

Mn hsphaknmkbnb bh mn ehbkakfn y bh mn odt‖fkan quh sh daupn bh mds `dfgds sh mmnen ekadmdg‚n, bdfbh sh hepmhn hm

suckjd -eyadtn pnrn mns bkvkskdfhs y -eyahths pnrn mns amnshs.

Htkedmdg•n

Hm tƟrekfd ‡Cufgk˃ prdahbh bhm mnt‚f cufgus, `dfgd, y hrn yn hepmhnbd pdr hm pdhtn @drnakd y hm fnturnmkstn \mkfkd hm

Skhjd. Hm tƟrekfd hf kfgmƟs quh bhskgfn nm grupd, cufgus, prdahbh bhm mnt‚f. Hf aneokd, hf dtrds kbkdens mn rn‚z hs hm

vdanomd bh grkhgd nftkgud ‼Ŭ※şş※ (hspdfjn), quh `nah rhchrhfakn n mns hstruaturns enardsa₭pkans bh ed`ds y shtns9

bh Ɵstn `nf bhrkvnbd mds tƟrekfds nmhenfhs Qa`wnee (hspdfjn), Qa`keehm (ed`d), hm crnfaƟs a`nepkgfdf y hm

hspn†dm ‡a`nepk†₭f˃. Mn bksakpmkfn quh hstubkn mds `dfgds, mn Ekadmdg‚n, bhrkvn bhm grkhgd eyihs /ŵ‐ (`dfgd) y

mdgds /‛”ş※ (bksaursd)9 sh arhh quh cuh arhnbn pdr hm fnturnmkstn kfgmƟs Ekmhs Jdshp` Ohrihmhy hf su puomkanak₭f bh

>013 R`h Hfgmks` Cmdrn dc Qkr Jnehs Hbwnrb Qekt`, Sdm. 8..

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Cufgk 1

Anrnathr•stkans

Skstn bh uf `dfgd Adfkdp`nrn tneokƟf adfdakbd

aded "`dfgd drhjn" pubrkhfbd uf trdfad bh

enbhrn.

Nfths bhm bhsnrrdmmd bh mds nf‖mksks edmhaumnrhs bh N_F y su

npmkanak₭f hf mn bkmuakbnak₭f bh mn ckmdghfkn bhm grupd, mds tnx₭fdeds

amnskckanonf n mds `dfgds hf hm grupd bh mns pmnftns bhokbd n mn

shehjnfzn hftrh sus cdrens bh vkbn (cufbnehftnmehfth, mn nushfakn bh

mdadedak₭f y ufn edrcdmdg‚n y hadmdg‚n skekmnrhs). Aded hmmns, mds

`dfgds arhahf hf hm suhmd y, hf hm ansd bh mns shtns, cdrenf auhrpds

cruat‚chrds quh hf nmgufds ansds gunrbnf pnrhakbd adf hjhepmnrhs bh

pmnftns, aded mds eusgds. Fd dostnfth, mds hstubkds ckmdghfƟtkads

kfbkanrdf quh cdrenf pnrth bh uf rhkfd shpnrnbd bhm bh mds nfkenmhs y

pmnftns, bh mds aunmhs sh shpnr₭ `nah nprdxkenbnehfth ekm ekmmdfhs bh

n†ds.

Nmgufns bh mns anrnathr‚stkans edrcdm₭gkans, okdqu‚ekans y ghfƟtkans bh

mds `dfgds sdf adeufhs n dtrds drgnfkseds9 fd dostnfth, dtrns sdf

bkchrhfths, md quh phrekth su shpnrnak₭f bh dtrds drgnfkseds vkvds.Nsphatds adeufhs

Aded dtrds huanrkdtns, mds `dfgds pdshhf aƟmumns bhmkektnbns pdr ufn

eheornfn pmnse‖tkan rkan hf hsthrdmhs y quh adftkhfhf uf f…amhd quh

nmohrgn hm enthrknm ghfƟtkad hf cdren bh ardedsdens. Hsth enthrknm

ghfƟtkad adftkhfh ghfhs y dtrds hmhehftds adbkckanfths ns‚ aded

hmhehftds fd adbkckanfths, aded mds kftrdfhs. \dshhf drg‖fumds

ahmumnrhs, aded mns ektdadfbrkns y mds rkodsdens bh tkpd 0<Q. Y1U Aded adepuhstds bh rhshrvn y gm…akbds sdmuomhs

pdshhf pdmknmad`dmhs (p.h. hm enfktdm), bksna‖rkbds (aded mn trh`nmdsn) y pdmksna‖rkbds (aded hm gmua₭ghfd, quh,

nbhe‖s, sh hfauhftrn prhshfth hf nfkenmhs).Y2U

Nm kgunm quh mds nfkenmhs, mds `dfgds anrhahf bh amdrdpmnstds. Hstd sh bhoh n su anr‖athr `hthrdtr₭ckad, quh hxkgh quh

dothfgnf aded cuhfth bh anrodfd, hfhrg‚n y pdbhr rhbuatdr adepuhstds drg‖fkads.

N shehjnfzn bh mns pmnftns, mds `dfgds pdshhf pnrhb ahmumnr y vnaudmns. Qh rhprdbuahf bh cdren shxunm y nshxunm, y,

aded mds `hmha`ds y eusgds, prdbuahf hspdrns. Bhokbd n su akamd vktnm, pdshhf f…amhds `npmdkbhs `noktunmehfth, nm

kgunm quh mds eusgds y mns nmgns.Y8U

Mds `dfgds gunrbnf pnrhakbd adf hugmhfdkbhs y onathrkns. Rdbds hmmds prdbuahf hm nekfd‖akbd M-mkskfn ehbknfth mn

v‚n bh okds‚fthsks bhm ‖akbd nmcn-nekfdnb‚pkad.

Mns aƟmumns bh mds `dfgds suhmhf pdshhr uf nsphatd ckmnehftdsd, skhfbd tuoumnrhs y nmnrgnbns. Hf su kfthrkdr, hs

ade…f quh sh hfauhftrhf vnrkds f…amhds9 hf sus hxtrheds, zdfns bh arhakekhftd, sh bn ufn ngrhgnak₭f bh vhs‚aumns

quh adftkhfhf prdth‚fns, m‚pkbds y edmƟaumns drg‖fkans mmnenbns Qpktzhfi―rphr. @dfgds y ddekahtds pdshhf uf tkpd

bh arhakekhftd onsnbd hf `kcns.Y3U Hsth `ha`d hs bkstkftkvd pdrquh dtrds drgnfkseds ckmnehftdsds, mns nmgns vhrbhs,

cdrenf anbhfns bh aƟmumns ufkfuamhnbns ehbknfth prdahsds bh bkvksk₭f ahmumnr adftkfunbds.

Nm kgunm quh dtrns hsphakhs bh onathrkns, nfkenmhs y pmnftns, e‖s bh shshftn hsphakhs bh `dfgds sdf okdmuekfksahfths

(hs bhakr, quh prdbuahf muz).

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Cufgk 2

Dep`nmdtus fkbkcdreks, uf `dfgd

okdmuekfksahfth.

Anrnathr‚stkans bkchrhfaknmhs

• Mns mhvnburns, uf grupd bh `dfgds, prhshftnf nm ehfds ufn cnsh bh

su akamd vktnm hf cdren ufkahmumnr9 burnfth Ɵstn, sh rhprdbuahf pdr

ghenak₭f d okpnrtkak₭f. Qh bhfdekfnf `dfgds bke₭rckads n mns

hsphakhs quh nmthrfnf ufn cnsh ufkahmumnr (bh mhvnburn) adf dtrn

ekahmknr (adf `kcns)• Mn pnrhb ahmumnr bh mds `dfgds sh adepdfh bh gmuanfds y quktkfn9

mds prkehrds sh prhshftnf tneokƟf hf pmnftns, y mds shgufbds, hf hm

hxdhsquhmhtd bh nrtr₭pdbds9 hstn adeokfnak₭f hs …fkan. Nbhe‖s, y n

bkchrhfakn bh mns pmnftns y ddekahtds, mns pnrhbhs ahmumnrhs bh mds

`dfgds anrhahf bh ahmumdsn.

• Mn enydr‚n bh mds dfgds anrhahf bh uf sksthen hckakhfth bh

trnfspdrth n bkstnfakn bh sustnfakns (hstruaturns quh hf pmnftns

adfcdrenf hm xkmhen y cmdhen). Nmgufns hsphakhs, aded Nrekmmnrkn, bhsnrrdmmnf rkzdedrcds, hstruaturns quh

gunrbnf ufn rhmnak₭f cufakdfnm adf mns rn‚ahs bh mns pmnftns.

• Hf aunftd n rutns ehtno₭mkans, mds dfgds pdshhf nmgufns v‚ns okdskftƟtkans adeufhs n mns pmnftns, aded mn rutn

bh s‚fthsks bh thrphfds n trnvƟs bhm ‖akbd ehvnm₭fkad y hm pkrdcdscntd. Fd dostnfth, mns pmnftns pdshhf ufn shgufbn

v‚n ehtno₭mkan pnrn mn prdbuaak₭f bh hstds ksdprhfdkbhs quh fd sh prhshftn hf mds `dfgds. Mds ehtnodmktds

shaufbnrkds bh mds `dfgds sdf kbƟftkads d euy shehjnfths n mds vhghtnmhs. Mn shauhfakn bh nekfd‖akbds bh mds

pƟptkbds quh adfcdrenf mns hfzkens kfvdmuarnbns hf hstns rutns okdskftƟtkans bkckhrhf fd dostnfth bh mns bh mns

pmnftns, sugkrkhfbd uf drkghf y hvdmuak₭f bkstkftds.

• Anrhahf bh cnshs e₭vkmhs, tnmhs aded cdrens cmnghmnbns, adf mn hxahpak₭f bh mds gnehtds ensaumkfds y mns

hspdrns bh nmgufns cdrens ckmdghfƟtkanehfth •prkektkvns‚ (mds A`ytrkbkdeyadtn).

• Fd pdshhf pmnsedbhseds.

\nrths bh uf dfgd: (>) @kcn, (?) Adfkbk₭cdrd, (1)

Ck‖mkbh, (2) Adfkbkn, y (8) Qhptds.

Edrcdmdg•n

Hstruaturns ekardsa₭pkans

Mn enydr‚n bh mds `dfgds arhahf aded `kcns, hstruaturns akm‚fbrkans y

ckmkcdrehs bh ? n >< ekar₭ehtrds bh bk‖ehtrd y `nstn vnrkds

ahft‚ehtrds bh mdfgktub. Mns `kcns arhahf hf sus ‖pkahs9 mns `kcns

fuhvns sh cdrenf t‚pkanehfth pdr mn npnrkak₭f bh fuhvds ‖pkahs n md

mnrgd bh `kcns prhhxksthfths pdr uf prdahsd mmnenbd bh rnekckanak₭f, d

 ₭

hf danskdfhs ₭

hm hxtrhed npkanm bh mns `kcns sh okcuran, bnfbd mugnrn bds `kcns adf arhakekhftd pnrnmhmd.

Bkvhrskbnb

Mds `dfgds pdshhf ufn bkstrkouak₭f adsedpdmktn y pdshhf uf nepmkd rnfgd bh `‖oktnts, quh kfamuyhf neokhfths

hxtrheds aded mds bhskhrtds, ‖rhns bh hxtrhenbn snmkfkbnb. hxpuhstns n rnbknak₭f kdfkznfth, d hf mds shbkehftds bh

mds cdfbds enrkfds. Nmgufds m‚quhfhs sdf rhsksthfths n mn rnbknak₭f XS y a₭sekan prhshfth hf mds vknjhs hspnaknmhs.

Mn enydr‚n sdf thrrhstrhs, nufquh nmgufds, aded  Ontrna`da`ytrkue bhfbrdontkbks sdf hstrkatnehfth nau‖tkads. Hsth

qu‚trkbd hs rhspdfsnomh bhm bhamkvh hf mns pdomnakdfhs bh nfckokds9 ufn bh sus cnshs vktnmhs, mn zd₭spdrn, mh phrekth

bksphrsnrsh hf hm ngun y naahbhr n mds nfckokds, n mds quh pnrnsktn. Hxksthf hsphakhs nau‖tkans prdpkns bh mns ‖rhns`kbrdthrenmhs bhm daƟnfd.

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Cufgk 8

Qh `nf bhsarktd ufns ><<,<<< hsphakhs bh `dfgds,Y7U

nufquh mn bkvhrskbnb gmdonm fd `n skbd tdtnmehfth antnmdgnbn pdr

mds tnx₭fdeds. Hepmhnfbd aded `hrrnekhftn bh nf‖mksks hm rntkd hftrh hm f…ehrd bh hsphakhs bh `dfgds rhsphatd nm

bh pmnftns hf `‖oktnts shmhaakdfnbds, sh `n rhnmkznbd ufn hstken bh ufn bkvhrskbnb tdtnm bh >,8 ekmmdfhs bh hsphakhs.

Mn Ekadmdg‚n `n hepmhnbd bkvhrsns anrnathr‚stkans pnrn adfckgurnr hm adfahptd bh hsphakh. Mn amnskckanak₭f

edrcdm₭gkan, onsnbn hf nsphatds aded hm tnen†d y cdren bh mns hstruaturns bh cruatkckanak₭f y mns hspdrns, `n skbd

prhbdekfnfth hf mn tnxdfde‚n trnbkakdfnm.Y0U

RneokƟf sh `nf hepmhnbd anrnathrhs okdqu‚ekads y ckskdm₭gkads, aded

mn rhnaak₭f nfth bhthrekfnbds ehtnodmktds. Qh `n hepmhnbd mn adepntkokmkbnb pnrn mn rhprdbuaak₭f shxunm ehbknfth

ksdgnekn. Mds eƟtdbds bh tnxdfde‚n edmhaumnr, aded hm usd bh enranbdrhs edmhaumnrhs y mds nf‖mksks ckmdghfƟtkads

`nf phrektkbd nuehftnr mn bksarkekfnak₭f hftrh vnrknfths ghfƟtkans9 hstd `n nuehftnbd mn rhsdmuak₭f n mn `drn bh

shpnrnr hsphakhs.

_hprdbuaak₭f

Mds `dfgds sh rhprdbuahf sdorh tdbd pdr ehbkd bh hspdrns, mns aunmhs sh bksphrsnf hf uf hstnbd mnthfth, quh sh

kfthrrueph s₭md aunfbd sh `nmmnf adfbkakdfhs cnvdrnomhs pnrn su ghrekfnak₭f. Aunfbd hstns adfbkakdfhs sh bnf, mn

hspdrn ghrekfn, surgkhfbd bh hmmn ufn prkehrn `kcn, pdr auyn hxthfsk₭f y rnekckanak₭f sh vn adfstktuyhfbd uf

ekahmkd. Mn vhmdakbnb bh arhakekhftd bh mns `kcns bh uf `dfgd hs vhrbnbhrnehfth hsphatnaumnr: hf uf `dfgd trdpkanm

mmhgn `nstn mds 8 ee pdr ekfutd. Qh puhbh bhakr, skf hxnghrnr, quh nmgufds `dfgds sh puhbhf vhr arhahr onjd mds

prdpkds djds.

Mns hspdrns bh mds `dfgds sh prdbuahf hf hspdrnfgkds, yn shn nshxunmehfth d aded rhsumtnbd bh uf prdahsd bh

rhprdbuaak₭f shxunm. Hf hsth …mtked ansd mn prdbuaak₭f bh hspdrns hs prhahbkbn pdr mn ehkdsks bh mns aƟmumns, bh mn

aunm sh drkgkfnf mns hspdrns eksens. Mns hspdrns prdbuakbns n adftkfunak₭f bh mn ehkdsks sh bhfdekfnf ehkdspdrns.

Aded mn eksen hsphakh bhm `dfgd hs anpnz bh rhprdbuakrsh tnftd nshxunm aded shxunmehfth, mns ehkdspdrns tkhfhf

ufn anpnakbnb bh rhsksthfakn quh mhs phrekth sdorhvkvkr hf mns adfbkakdfhs e‖s nbvhrsns, ekhftrns quh mns hspdrns

prdbuakbns nshxunmehfth auepmhf sdorh tdbd adf hm dojhtkvd bh prdpngnr hm `dfgd adf mn e‖xken rnpkbhz y

hxthfsk₭f pdskomh.

Hm ekahmkd vhghtntkvd bh mds `dfgds, d shn hm quh fd auepmh adf mns cufakdfhs rhprdbuatkvns, tkhfh uf nsphatd euy

skepmh, pdrquh fd hs e‖s quh uf adfjuftd bh `kcns bkspuhstns skf drbhf. Mn cnftns‚n arhntkvn bh mds `dfgds sh

enfkckhstn s₭md hf mn adfstruaak₭f bh auhrpds cruat‚chrds, mds aunmhs, aded kfbkan hm fdeorh, skrvhf pnrn pdrtnr mds

hspdrnfgkds quh prdbuahf mns hspdrns.

Drbhf bh anrnathrhs pnrn mn kbhftkckanak₭f hf `dfgds

•• Nsphatd enardsa₭pkad bh mn admdfkn

•• Rkpd bh kcn

• Admdanak₭f bhm d mds hspdr₭cdrds

• \rhshfakn bh hsthrkgentns d adfkbk₭cdrd) y hm drbhf quh prhshftnf

•• Cdren tnen†d y bkstrkouak₭f bh mns hspdrns

• \rhshfakn d fd bh rkzdkbhs. Q₭md sh prhshftnf hf `dfgds bh `kcn fd shptnbn. \dr hjhepmd: _k`kzdpus, _`kzdeuadr ,

 Noskbkn

•• \rnatkanr pruhons bh kbhftkckanak₭f okdqu‚ekan.

N mds `dfgds sh mhs trntn bhsbh mn nftkg‑hbnb aded vhghtnmhs, pdr mn kfedvkmkbnb y mn prhshfakn bh pnrhb ahmumnr, n

phsnr bh quh sdf `hthr₭trdcds. Hstd skgfkckan quh sdf kfanpnahs bh ckjnr anrodfd n trnvƟs bh mn cdtds‚fthsks, phrd usnf

hm anrodfd ckjnbd pdr dtrds drgnfkseds pnrn su ehtnodmksed. Natunmehfth sh snoh quh mds `dfgds sdf e‖s ahranfds

nm rhkfd nfkenm (Nfkenmkn) quh nm rhkfd vhghtnm (\mnftnh), y sh skt…nf juftd adf mds prkehrds hf uf tnx₭f

edfdckmƟtkad, bhftrd bhm grupd bh mds dpkstdadftds.

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Cufgk 3

Burnfth mn enydr pnrth bh mn hrn pnmhdzdkan, mds `dfgds nm pnrhahr cuhrdf nau‖tkads. Hm prkehr `dfgd thrrhstrh

npnrhak₭, prdonomhehfth, hf hm phr‚dbd skm…rkad, justd bhspuƟs bh mn npnrkak₭f bh mns prkehrns pmnftns thrrhstrhs,

nufquh sus c₭skmhs sdf crngehftnrkds. Mds `dfgds bh enydr nmturn quh sh adfdahf sh bhsnrrdmmnrdf `nah 18< ekmmdfhs

bh n†ds, hs bhakr, hf hm phr‚dbd bhv₭fkad y adrrhspdfb‚nf n mds mmnenbds prdtnxkths, quh nmanfznonf mds 3 e bh nmturn.

^ukz‖s mn npnrkak₭f, pdad tkhepd bhspuƟs, bh mds prkehrds ‖rodmhs prdvda₭ pdr adephthfakn hvdmutkvn mn

bhsnpnrkak₭f bh mds `dfgds nmtds.

N bkchrhfakn bh mds nfkenmhs, quh kfgkhrhf hm nmkehftd, mds `dfgds md nosdrohf, y sus aƟmumns tkhfhf pnrhb ahmumnr.

Bhokbd n hstns rnzdfhs, hstds drgnfkseds hst‖f sktunbds hf su prdpkd rhkfd okdm₭gkad, mmnenbd Cufgk.

Mds `dfgds cdrenf uf grupd edfdckmƟtkad, md quh skgfkckan quh tdbns mns vnrkhbnbhs bh `dfgds prdvkhfhf bh uf

nfahstrd ade…f. Hm drkghf edfdckmƟtkad bh mds `dfgds sh `n adfckrenbd ehbknfth e…mtkpmhs hxphrkehftds bh

ckmdghfƟtkan edmhaumnr9 mds rnsgds nfahstrnmhs quh adepnrthf kfamuyhf mn pnrhb ahmumnr quktkfdsn y mn `hthrdtrdckn pdr

nosdrak₭f, ns‚ aded dtrns anrnathr‚stkans adepnrtkbns.

Mn tnxdfde‚n bh mds `dfgds hst‖ hf uf hstnbd bh r‖pkbn edbkckanak₭f, hsphaknmehfth bhokbd n nrt‚aumds rhakhfths

onsnbds hf adepnrnakdfhs bh NBF, quh n ehfubd trnsmdanf mns nsufakdfhs bh mds nftkguds sksthens bh

amnskckanak₭f.Y;U

Fd `ny uf sksthen …fkad pmhfnehfth nahptnbd hf mds fkvhmhs tnxdf₭ekads e‖s hmhvnbds y `ny

aneokds bh fdeorhs adfstnfths hf anbn fkvhm, bhsbh hm fkvhm bh hsphakh `nakn nrrkon y, shg…f hm grupd, tneokƟf n

fkvhm bh hsphakh y fkvhmhs kfchrkdrhs. @ny sktkds hf Kfthrfht aded Kfbhx Cufgdrue, KRKQ y Wkiksphakhs quh rhgkstrnf

mds fdeorhs prhchrkbds natunmkznbds (adf rhchrhfakns aruznbns n skf₭fkeds nftkguds), phrd fd skheprh adfauhrbnf

hftrh s‚ d adf mds fdeorhs hf mn Wkikphbkn d hf anbn vnrknfth kbkde‖tkan.

\hsh nm anr‖athr edfdckmƟtkad d bh uf nfahstrd ade…f, mds `dfgds prhshftnf ufn sdrprhfbhfth vnrknokmkbnb

edrcdm₭gkan, bnbn fd s₭md pdr hm nsphatd skfd pdr mns bkehfskdfhs y anrnathr‚stkans. Ns‚, sdf `dfgds mds prdtnxkths bh

3 e bh nmturn, tneokƟf md sdf mds ed`ds y mhvnburns, mns shtns (fdeorh quh sh bn adf prhaksk₭f n mds `dfgds

enardsa₭pkads adehstkomhs quh arhahf sdorh hm suhmd), mns suothrr‖fhns trucns d mds ansk ekardsa₭pkads, aded hm dkbkd

d mds bh mn tk†n u dtrns ekadsks (ptkrknsks), mn rdyn, htaƟthrn.

Mn nsdaknak₭f skeok₭tkan bh `dfgds adf nmgns bn mugnr n mds m‚quhfhs.

Amnskckanak₭f am‚skan bh mds `dfgds

 Cmneeumkfn vhmutkphs.

•• @dfgds nehodkbhs d euakmngkfdsds

• Ekxdekadths (bkvksk₭f Eyxdeyadtn)

• \mnsedbkdcdrdekadths (bkvksk₭f \mnsedbkdp`drdeyadtn)

•• @dfgds mksdtr₭ckads d nosdrodtr₭ckads:

• \shubd`dfgds u ddekadths (bkvksk₭f Ddeyadtn)

• ^uktrkbkds (bkvksk₭f A`ytrkbkdeyadtn)

• @dfgds vhrbnbhrds d huekadths (bkvksk₭f Hueyadtn):• Zkgdekahths (amnsh Zygdeyahths)

• Nsadekahths (amnsh Nsadeyahths)

• Onskbkdekahths (amnsh Onskbkdeyahths)

• @dfgds kephrchatds (amnsh Bhuthrdeyahths)Y><U

Mds grupds bh mn hfuehrnak₭f nfthrkdr `nstn Ddeyadtn (kfamukbd) fd

sdf vhrbnbhrds `dfgds, skfd prdtkstns adf bkstkftds pnrhfthsads auyns

nbnptnakdfhs `kakhrdf adfcufbkrmds adf `dfgds.

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Cufgk 7

Amnskckanak₭f natunm bhm rhkfd bh mds `dfgds

• ^uktrkbkdekahths (bkvksk₭f A`ytrkbkdeyadtn).

• Zkgdekahtds (bkvksk₭f Zygdeyadtn).

• Gmdehrdekahths (bkvksk₭f Gmdehrdeyadtn).

• Onskbkdekahths (bkvksk₭f Onskbkdeyadtn).

• Nsadekahths (bkvksk₭f Nsadeyadtn).

Amnskckanak₭f pdr N_F _kodsdenm

•• Nehodzdn

•• Hueyahtdzdn

•• Ekxdgnstrkn

•• Bkatydsthmkn

•• Dpkst didftn

•• Fuamhteyahn

•• Fuamhnrkn

•• Cdrt‚aumn

•• _dzhmmn d Aryptdeyadtn

•• Cufgk

•• QN_

•• Qtrnehfdpkmhs

•• @yp`da`ytrknmhs

•• \hrdfdspdrdeyahths d Ddeyahths

•• _`yznrkn

•• Ahradzdn

•• \`ytdeyxhn

Xsd

@dfgds drfnehftnmhs

\dr mn ohmmhzn quh gunrbnf mds `dfgds, eua`ds sh `nf usnbd adf uf ckf hstƟtkad y drfnehftnm, kfamuyƟfbdshmds hf

dcrhfbns quh, nadepn†nbds adf cmdrhs y rnens, sdf dcrhakbns hf bkvhrsns ahrhedfkns. Hf mn natunmkbnb tdbnv‚n hs

c‖akm hfadftrnr hstn adstueorh hf nmgufds grupds Ɵtfkads bh EƟxkad, aded sdf mn f‖`untm hf mn skhrrn bh

\uhomn-Rmnxanmn9 mds znpdthans hf Dnxnan y mds tzdtzkmhs y tdjnmnonmh hf A`knpns. Mds `dfgds quh bhstnanf hftrh mdse‖s hepmhnbds adf hsth ckf sdf mds `dfgds pskmdakokds y mn  Nenfktn eusanrkn9 hstn …mtken sh `n adfvhrtkbd hf hm

hsthrhdtkpd bh shtn pdr md nmtnehfth mmnentkvn quh hs, yn quh hst‖ adepuhstn pdr uf tnmd omnfad y ufn sdeorkmmn

(onskbkdanrpd) rdjn, edthnbn bh admdr omnfad.

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Cufgk 0

@dfgds nmkehftkakds

Ayttnrkn `nrkdtk, (bk`uh₭h) @dfgd pnrnsktd

vhghtnm, adehstkomh

Xstkmngd enybks, (`uktmnada`h) @dfgd

adehstkomh, pnrnsktd bhm en‚z

^ukz‖s hm prkehr hepmhd bkrhatd quh sh mhs bkd n mds `dfgds hs hm bh

nmkehftd. Eua`d sh `n bksautkbd sdorh hm vnmdr futrktkvd bh hmmds, sk

okhf hs akhrtd n mn enydr‚n sh mhs puhbh adfskbhrnr adf hmhvnbn anmkbnb

pdrquh adftkhfhf ufn ouhfn prdpdrak₭f bh prdth‚fns y vktnekfns y

hsansn anftkbnb bh anrod`kbrntds y m‚pkbds.

Bhftrd bh mds `dfgds e‖s adfsuekbds thfheds n:  Odmhtus hbumks,

 Mnatnrkus bhmkakdsus,  _ussumn orhvkphs y  Nenfktn anhsnrhn. Dtrds

`dfgds quh sh adfsuehf fdtnomhehfth sdf:  Ngnrkaus anephstrks y  N.

okspdrus, ade…fehfth adfdakbds aded "a`nepk†dfhs" u "`dfgds bh

\nr‚s"9 mn kepdrtnfakn bh Ɵstds sh bhoh n quh sdf bh mns pdans hsphakhs

quh puhbhf aumtkvnrsh nrtkckaknmehfth y bh enfhrn kfbustrknm.

Mds `dfgds ekardsa₭pkads tneokƟf `nf kfvhrtkbd bkrhatn d

kfbkrhatnehfth pnrn mn arhnak₭f bh cuhfths nmkehftkakns y rhprhshftnf

ufn hxphatntkvn bh npdyd pnrn hm cuturd9 hf hsth anepd anoh aktnr mdstrnonjds bh dothfak₭f bh okdensn, n pnrtkr bh mhvnburns aded Anfbkbn

utkmks, quh sh usn pnrn ehjdrnr hm nmkehftd cdrrnjhrd.

Hm arhakekhftd bh bkvhrsds `dfgds kfamukbds sdorh nmgufds nmkehftds

tneokƟf puhbhf hmhvnr hm fkvhm futrkakdfnm bh Ɵstds9 pdr hjhepmd, hf mds

hstnbds ehxkanfds bh A`knpns y Rnonsad, sh adfsueh ufn ohokbn

chrehftnbn n onsh bh en‚z edmkbd, quh sh mh adfdah pdpumnrehfth adf

hm fdeorh bh "pdzdm" d ntdmh ngrkd, `ny hstubkds rhnmkznbds quh kfbkanf

quh nm nuehftnr mds b‚ns bh chrehftnak₭f bh Ɵsth, sh kfarhehftn mn

cdren ekardokdm₭gkan, prdpdrakdfnfbd prkfakpnmehfth sdorh tdbd

nekfd‖akbds y prdth‚fns.

Kgunmehfth bhstnan `dfgds pnr‖sktds bh bkvhrsns hsphakhs vhghtnmhs mds

aunmhs tneo‚hf sdf adehstkomhs. Hftrh hmmds pdbheds ehfakdfnr nm

Xstkmngd enybks, adfdakbd hf EƟxkad aded `uktmnada`h d auktmnada`h,

ufn hsphakh bh `dfgd adehstkomh pnr‖sktd bhm en‚z9 d mn Ayttnrkn

hspkfdsnh, adfdakbd hf A`kmh aded bkg•h₭h d bk`uh₭h, uf `dfgd

adehstkomh y pnr‖sktd hstrkatd y hspha‚ckad bhm ‖rodm Fdt`dcngus.

@dfgds hfth₭ghfds (`dfgds nmuakf₭ghfds)

Mds `dfgds hfth₭ghfds (adf prdpkhbnbhs pskadtr₭pkans) adornf

pnrtkaumnr kepdrtnfakn hf EhsdneƟrkan, bhokbd n quh sh hfauhftrnf nepmknehfth bkstrkoukbds. Nm kgunm quh adf mds

kfbkvkbuds bhm gƟfhrd Amnvkahps, mds `dfgds nmuakf₭ghfds, tneokƟf mmnenbds `dfgds pskmdakokds, `nf skbd utkmkznbds

…mtkenehfth pdr mn kfbustrkn cnrenaƟutkan pnrn mn hxtrnaak₭f bh prdbuatds adf ckfhs pskadthrnpƟutkads (pskmdakokfns y

pskmdakfns) y tneokƟf nmgufns hsphakhs bhm gƟfhrd Edfhrn. Nmgufds `dfgds rhpdrtnbds aded t₭xkads sdf hf rhnmkbnb

hfth₭ghfds.

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Cufgk ;

@dfgds ehbkakfnmhs

Bhsbh hm bhsauorkekhftd pdr Cmhekfg bh mn phfkakmkfn aded uf ehtnodmktd bhm ehanfksed nftng₭fkad quh tkhfhf mds

`dfgds adftrn dtrds ekarddrgnfkseds, sh `n bhsnrrdmmnbd ufn grnf kfbustrkn pnrn hm bhsauorkekhftd, shpnrnak₭f y

adehraknmkznak₭f bh fuhvds nftkok₭tkads. Hftrh mds `dfgds ehbkakfnmhs e‖s kepdrtnfths bhstnanf vnrkns hsphakhs bhm

gƟfhrd  \hfkakmmkue, aded hm  \hfkakmmkue fdtntue y  \hfkakmmkue a`rysdghfkaue, bh mds quh sh hxtrnh mn phfkakmkfn,

Gnfdbhren muakbue, Rrnehths vhrskadmdr (d Adrkdmus v.),  Ngnrkaus omnzhk, Adrbyahps skfhfsks y Grkcdmn crdfbdsn,hftrh eua`ds dtrds.

@dfgds adftnekfnfths

Mds `dfgds adftnekfnfths rhsumtnf uf grnvh prdomhen pnrn hm shr `uenfd9 bhftrd bh mns shtns anoh ehfakdfnr mns

quh pnrnsktnf y pubrhf mn enbhrn, aded Adfkdp`nrn d mns ade…fehfth bhfdekfnbns "drhjns". Qkf heonrgd, hm

enydr phrjukakd sh dotkhfh bh mds `dfgds ekardsa₭pkads, sdorhsnmkhfbd mds ed`ds quh puhbhf ntnanr y bhgrnbnr tnftd

enthrknmhs aded nmkehftds. Mds `dfgds y ed`ds quh pnrnsktnf enthrknmhs bh adfstruaak₭f y nmkehftds prdbuahf

sustnfakns quh, hf akhrtns adfahftrnakdfhs, puhbhf rhsumtnr t₭xkans pnrn nfkenmhs y hm `deorh.

@dfgds vhfhfdsds

 Nenfktn eusanrkn, @dfgd vhfhfdsd

Hf mn fnturnmhzn, s₭md akhrtns vnrkhbnbhs bh `dfgds sdf adehstkomhs, hm

rhstd sdf t₭xkads pdr kfghstk₭f pubkhfbd anusnr shvhrds bn†ds

eumtkskstƟekads h kfamusd mn euhrth. Mn Ekadmdg‚n tkhfh hstubkds

bhtnmmnbds sdorh hstns vnrkhbnbhs bh `dfgds. Hsphakhs aded mn Nenfktn

 p`nmmdkbhs, Adrtkfnrkus drhmmnfus,  Nenfktn eusanrkn, A`mdrdp`ymmue

edmyobkths, Gnmhrkfn enrgkfntn d mn  Mhpkdtn `hmvhdmn bhokbd n sus

hfzkens t₭xkans pnrn hm shr `uenfd anusnf s‚ftdens aded:

tnqukanrbkns, v₭ektds y a₭mkads bdmdrdsds, subdr cr‚d, hxahsd bh shb y

an‚bns orusans bh mn prhsk₭f nrthrknm, hxarhakdfhs snfgukfdmhftns. Mnv‚atken adftrnh grnvhs mhskdfhs fhar₭tkans hf tdbds mds ₭rgnfds

hsphaknmehfth hf hm `‚gnbd y hm rk†₭f. Hstds bn†ds sdf eua`ns vhahs krrhpnrnomhs y sh rhqukhrh trnspmnfth bh ₭rgnfds

pdr md ghfhrnm.

Mn kbhftkckanak₭f bh mns bkchrhfths hsphakhs bh `dfgds vhfhfdsds rhqukhrh hm adfdakekhftd vksunm bh su edrcdmdg‚n

hspha‚ckan. Fd hxksth fkfgufn rhgmn ghfhrnm v‖mkbn pnrn su rhadfdakekhftd.

Mds `dfgds aded pnr‚sktds

Qk okhf eua`ds `dfgds sdf …tkmhs, dtrds puhbhf kfchatnr n pmnftns d nfkenmhs, phrturonfbd su hqukmkorkd kfthrfd y

hfchre‖fbdmds. Mds `dfgds pnr‖sktds anusnf grnvhs hfchrehbnbhs hf pmnftns y nfkenmhs. Xfds aunftds anusnfhfchrehbnbhs nm shr `uenfd.

• Hfchrehbnbhs vhghtnmhs: Mds `dfgds anusnf hfchrehbnbhs aded hm tkz₭f bhm en‚z, quh bhstruyh grnfds9 mds

ekmbk…s quh kfchatnf ufn grnf vnrkhbnb bh crutns tneokƟf sdf `dfgds. Mns hfchrehbnbhs eka₭tkans anusnf mn

pƟrbkbn bhm >8 pdr akhftd bh mns adsha`ns hf mns rhgkdfhs thepmnbns bhm eufbd. Hf mns rhgkdfhs trdpkanmhs, bdfbh

mn nmtn `uehbnb cnvdrhah hm arhakekhftd bh mds `dfgds, mn phrbkbn puhbh mmhgnr nm 8< pdr akhftd. Xf amnrd hjhepmd

ufn hfchrehbnb eka₭tkan adfdakbn aded mn rdyn bhm trkgd, nchatn n ufd bh mds aumtkvds e‖s kepdrtnfths hf

NeƟrkan bhm Fdrth.

Mns rdyns sh bhohf n uf tkpd bh onskbkdekahtd quh fhahsktn bds pmnftns bkstkftns pnrn adepmhtnr su akamd bh vkbn. Hm

vkhftd mmhvn n mds trkgnmhs mns hspdrns quh mn rdyn prdbuah hf hm ngrnahjd. Mns hspdrns ghrekfnf hf mds trkgnmhs,

kfchatnf mns pmnftns bh trkgd y prdbuahf dtrd tkpd bh hspdrn quh kfchatn nm trkgd, adf md quh mn hfchrehbnb sh prdpngn

r‖pkbnehfth. [n nvnfznbn mn thepdrnbn bh adsha`n, mn rdyn prdbuah uf fuhvd tkpd bh hspdrn fhgrn y rhsksthfth, mn

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Cufgk ><

aunm sdorhvkvh c‖akmehfth nm kfvkhrfd. Hf mn prkenvhrn, hstn hspdrn pnsn pdr ufn cnsh shxunm y rhprdbuah hspdrns quh

kfchatnf nm ngrnahjd, rhadehfznfbd fuhvnehfth hm akamd. \dr cdrtufn, ufn vhz quh mds ngr₭fdeds hfthfbkhrdf hm akamd

bh vkbn bh mn rdyn, pubkhrdf crhfnrmn bhstruyhfbd mds ngrnahjds.

• Hfchrehbnbhs `uenfns: Mds `dfgds pnr‖sktds tneokƟf kfchatnf nm shr `uenfd. Xf bhuthrdekahtd puhbh kfchatnr

hm ‖rhn bh hftrh mds bhbds bh mds pkhs y anusnr mn kfchaak₭f adfdakbn aded pkh bh ntmhtn. Mds `dfgds cdrenf uf

ekahmkd bkrhatnehfth hf mns anpns hxthrkdrhs bh mn pkhm. Hstd prdbuah ufn mmngn kfcmnenbn bhsbh mn quh mns hspdrnspnsnf c‖akmehfth n dtrns phrsdfns. Aunfbd mds `dfgds kfchatnf dtrns ‖rhns, aded hm auhrd anohmmubd, prdbuahf ufn

mmngn hsanedsn rdjn mmnenbn tk†n. Hm ekarddrgnfksed Anfbkbn nmokanfs, ufn mhvnburn, puhbh trnstdrfnr hm

hqukmkorkd kfthrfd bhm auhrpd `uenfd y prdbuakr hfchrehbnb eka₭tkan. Arhah hf rhgkdfhs `…ehbns bhm auhrpd, skf

heonrgd, hm sksthen kfeufdm₭gkad y dtrns onathrkns adephtkbdrns fdrenmehfth mn adftrdmnf.

• Hfchrehbnbhs nfkenmhs: Mns hfchrehbnbhs eka₭tkans tneokƟf nchatnf n mds nfkenmhs. Xf hjhepmd bhstnanbd hs

mn kfchaak₭f pdr uf `dfgd hftdedpnt₭ghfd bhm gƟfhrd Adrbyahps. Hsth `dfgd kfchatn n mds snmtnedfths bh mns

shmvns bh Adstn _kan. Mns hspdrns ekardsa₭pkans ghrekfnf hf hm snmtnedfths y prdbuahf hfzkens quh pdad n pdad

phfhtrnf hm cuhrth hxdhsquhmhtd bhm kfshatd. Mns hspdrns sh eumtkpmkanf y bkgkhrhf mns aƟmumns y mds thjkbds bhm

kfshatd, `nstn entnrmd. Nm ckfnm bhm prdahsd bh bkghstk₭f, fnahf `kcns quh auorhf hm hxdhsquhmhtd hf

bhsadepdskak₭f adf ufn rhb bh enthrknm eka₭tkad. Hftdfahs snmhf hstruaturns rhprdbuatdrns bh mds rhstds bhmsnmtnedfths, quh prdbuahf hspdrns y prdpngnf mn kfchaak₭f.

Ekadaumturn

Rrucns

Hm aumtkvd bh mds `dfgds sh mmnen ekadaumturn, y sh prnatkan pdr su

kfthrƟs hadf₭ekad d akhft‚ckad. Hf hm prkehr ansd sh trntn pdr hjhepmd

bh hsphakhs adehstkomhs bh gƟfhrds aded  Ngnrkaus d  \mhurdtus, d bh

hsphakhs snprdtr₭ckans quh prdbuahf sustnfakns nmdp‖tkans (nftkok₭tkads)

aded mn phfkakmkfn, prdbuakbn pdr `dfgds bhm gƟfhrd  phfkakmkue. Mns

mhvnburns sdf kepdrtnfths hf mn prdbuaak₭f bh nmkehftds d ohokbnschrehftnbns, hsphaknmehfth mns bhm gƟfhrd Qnaa`nrdeyahs, y tneokƟf

aded drgnfkseds edbhmd hf mn kfvhstkgnak₭f okdm₭gkan.

Mds `dfgds ghfhrnmehfth sh bhsnrrdmmnf ehjdr hf mn shek dsaurkbnb y

hf neokhfths …ehbds.

Hs pdskomh kgunmehfth aumtkvnr d bhjnr quh prdsphrhf ed`ds pnrn su hstubkd hf ansn d hf mn hsauhmn. uf hjhepmd bh

hmmd hs hm doshrvnr sdorh hm pnf `uehbhakbd aded arhah prdftd uf ekahmkd bh  _`kzdpus, quh cdren hspdrnfgkds

gmdodsds y dsaurds9 y hf mn a‖sanrn bh mds a‚trkads sh bhsnrrdmmn hfshgukbn \hfkakmmkue, adf sus anrnathr‚stkans hspdrns

vhrbhnzumnbns.

Qkf heonrgd, hs rhadehfbnomh `nahr hstds hstubkds onjd mn suphrvksk₭f bh uf eka₭mdgd d hsphaknmkstn bhokbd n quh

`ny `dfgds quh sdf nmtnehfth phmkgrdsds. Hf ghfhrnm aded prhanuak₭f, sh bhoh hvktnr hm kf`nmnr anftkbnbhs nmtns bh

hspdrns bh `dfgds9 yn quh nufquh eua`ns vhahs fd sdf bkrhatnehfth kfchaakdsds, phrd sk puhbhf anusnr nmhrgkns.

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Cufgk >>

_hchrhfakns

Y>U Xfkvhrskbnb Fnakdfnm bhm Fdrbhsth. @kphrthxtds bhm ‖rhn bh okdmdg‚n (`ttp:/   /  www. okdmdgkn. hbu.  nr/  cufgk/  cufgk. `te)

Y?U Bkaakdfnrkd bh mn mhfgun hspn†dmn (`ttp:/   /  www. wdrbrhchrhfah. ade/  bhckfkakdf/  `kcn)

Y1UY1U Bhnadf, p. 2.

Y2U Bhnadf, pp. >?0 Ɵ ?;.

Y8UY8U Bhnadf, p. 80.

Y3U Nmhxdpdumds ht nm., p. 308.Y7U Hstkenak₭f onsnbn hf mds vnmdrhs puomkanbds hf mn bƟaken hbkak₭f bhm Bkatkdfnry dc t`h Cufgk (Ikri ht nm., ?<<0). \dr ckmd, sh bhtnmmnf:

Nsadeyadtn, 32>31 hsphakhs (p. 88)9 Onskbkdeyadtn, 1>8>8 (p. 70)9 Omnstdamnbkdeyadtn, >7; (p. ;2)9 A`ytrkbkdeyadtn, 7<3 (p. >2?)9

Gmdehrdeyadtn, >3; (p. ?07)9 Ekardspdrkbkn, 6>1<< (p. 2?7)9 Fhdanmmkenstkgdeyadtn, ?< (p. 231).

Y0U Ikri ht nm., p. 20;.

Y;U Shr \nmnhds: Cufgk (`ttp:/   /  www. pnmnhds. ade/  Cufgk/  bhcnumt. `te), pnrn ufn kftrdbuaak₭f, hf kfgmƟs, n mn tnxdfde‚n bh mds dfgds,

kfamuyhfbd adftrdvhrskns rhakhfths.

Y><U Fd hs adfskbhrnbd dy uf ckmd rhnm, skfd ufn amnskckanak₭f thepdrnm pnrn tdbds nquhmmds dfgds auyd akamd bh rhprdbuaak₭f shxunm hs

bhsadfdakbd.

Okomkdgrnc•n

• Nkfswdrt GA. (>;73), Kftrdbuatkdf td t`h @kstdry dc Eyadmdgy, Aneorkbgh, XI: Aneorkbgh Xfkvhrskty \rhss,KQOF <-8?>->>?;8-0

•  Kftrdbuatdry Eyadmdgy, Jd`f Wkmhy nfb Qdfs, >;;3, KQOF <27>8???;8

• Bhnadf J. (?<<8), Cufgnm Okdmdgy, Aneorkbgh, EN: Omnaiwhmm \uomks`hrs, KQOF >-2<8>-1<33-<

• @nmm K_. (?<<1), Hbkomh nfb \dksdfdus Eus`rddes dc t`h Wdrmb , \drtmnfb, Drhgdf: Rkeohr \rhss, KQOF

<-00>;?-803->

• @nfsdf J_. (?<<0), R`h A`hekstry dc Cufgk, _dynm Qdakhty Dc A`hekstry, KQOF <082<2>13?

• Jhffkfgs B@, Myshi G. (>;;3), Cufgnm Okdmdgy: Xfbhrstnfbkfg t`h Cufgnm Mkchstymh, Gukmbcdrb, XI: Okds

Qakhftkcka \uomks`hrs Mtb, KQOF ;70->08;;3>8<3

• Ikri \E, Anffdf \C, Ekfthr BW, Qtnmphrs JN. (?<<0), Bkatkdfnry dc t`h Cufgk. ><t` hb , Wnmmkfgcdrb: ANOK,

KQOF <-08>;;-0?3-7

• Rnymdr HM, Rnymdr RF. (>;;1). R`h Okdmdgy nfb Hvdmutkdf dc Cdsskm \mnfts. Hfgmhwddb Amkccs, F.J: \rhftkah @nmm.

KQOF <->1-38>80;-2.

Hfmnahs hxthrfds

• Wkikehbkn Adeedfs nmohrgn adfthfkbd eumtkehbkn sdorh Cufgk. Adeedfs

• Wkiakdfnrkd tkhfh bhckfkakdfhs pnrn cufgk.Wkiakdfnrkd

• Wkikhsphakhs tkhfh uf nrt‚aumd sdorh Cufgk. Wkiksphakhs

• Nrodrhtue, Cufgk ( ttp:/   /  www.nrodrhtue. uce. hbu/  `dfgds/  antnmdgd. nsp).Xfkvhrskbnb Crnfaksad Enrrdqu‚f.

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Cuhfths y adftrkouyhfths bhm nrt‚aumd >?

Cuhfths y adftrkouyhfths bhm nrt•aumdCufgk  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4dmbkb53;0827?? Adftrkouyhfths: .JdsƟ, .Qhrgkd, <>>?nfkenzue, NCMnstrn, Narnttn, Nkrufp, Nmnanrodfnrn, Nmohrtd Qnmguhrd, Nmhpdstn,

Nmhxnv0, Nmhxquhfbk, Nmc[Chr, Nmmnfrdf, Nenb‚s, Nfbrhnsephru, Nfghm GF, Nftur, Nrquhf, NstrdFded, N‒kpfk-Mdvrkj, Onfckhmb, Onra`umkktn`.;0, OmnaiOhnst, OuhfnGhfth, A'hst edk, ANQC,

AnQtnrAd, Anekmd, Anrmdsonmmhf, Anrekf, Ahka`konf, A`rkstknf@, Akmmns, Akfnorkue, Adpybnys, Adrrhdgsi, Advk, Atrm Z, A₭fbkmd0<, Bnkedfb, BnfkhmAnekmdDsdrkd, Bnfkhmrhfghme, Bnri Onfh,

Bnvkb<0>>, Bkhgusjnkehs, Bdbd, Bdsskhr?, Brhktehf, HDZyd, Hbunrbdsnmg, Hbunrbdznzuhtn, Hbuo, Hbuphbrd, HchgƟ, Hjehzn, Hma`hmhenfbn, Hmk??, Hmdy, Hekburdfth, Hekjrp, Hfsnbn, Hquk, Hr

Idenfbnfth, Hrdbrkguchr, HthrfnmQdmd, CN_, Ckbhm.G, Cmnikf`d, Cdufbmkfg, Crnf2<<2, Crnfaksadsp?, Crnfz;38?>, Crutdshad, Curnbd, Curtk, CwN, Gnokkghfkn1?, Gkjzdpkue, GkfƟs;<, Grdua`d

Enrx, Gusnen _dehrd, @XO, @nmcbrng, @hmey dvhb, @hrphrnn, @hrucrn, @dssenff, @ueohrtd, Kgdr Outdv, KrwkfQnftds, Ks`n, Ks`u ?, J.bhmnfdy, JNOD, Jnrksmhkc, Jnvkhrktd;?, Janrnonmmd, Jjncjjnc,

Jiow, Jdrgh a?<><, JdrghGG, Jdrgha`p, JdsEhm, Jds`hr0n, Jsnfa`hzhs, Junf;;>, Junfaruz2, Jumksgnr;7, Inrktd.0?8, Ihiiydjkf, Ihtznmidntm, I`knrk, Iurufk, Ivhb, M\, Mnurn Ckdruaak, Mh I-mk,MhAkrh, Mhdfpdmnfad, Mhvk ohrfnrbd, Mkohrtnb y Qnohr, MmnenNm, Muakhf mhGrhy, Mukksek?1, Encdrhs, Enin`nxk, Enihth, Enepntd, Enfuhmt>8, Enfw˝, Entbrdbhs, Enumuakdfk, Ehm ?1,

EhraurkdER, Ekjn`hm, Ekss Enfznfn, Ededrhfzn, Edfdfkai, Edftgdehry, Edrb`ngghr, Edrkhm, Eurd bh Nguns, Fn`;<, Fn`uhmhmanpd>?, Fntrkx, Fhdbdp, Fhtktd777, Fkanskd?,

Fkanskdfkanskd, FkadmnsNmhjnfbrd, Fk`kmd, Drtksn, Dsnbd, \nomkf>3, \hbrd Fdfunmad, \htruss, \`J, \kmmngnznpds, \mntdfkbhs, \dmkfkznbdr, \₭mux, _ncnhmihmvkf, _nkz_nkz, _nzdonai bud, _htnen,

_kanrbdgpf, _kinrbd gs, _jgnmkfbd, _d_d, _dohrpm, _dsnrkfngnzd, _uokisEnsthr>><, _uoph>;, _uy \ugmkhsk, _ℯgh, Qn, QnhhbSkmmn, Qniurn-a`n, Qnfoha, Qnftk>;;3, Qnv`, Qnvkg, Qadfc, Q`nmont,

Qkeh₭f hm Mdad, Qekmdbdf, QuphrOrnumkd>1, Quphrzhrdaddm, Rnka`k, Rnfd28;8, Rha`fdpnt, Rhpktn?8, R`kfgg, Rkrkt`hm, Rdivd, Rdstnbdrn, Rrkiu, XN1>, SnfImhkfhf, Wnin Wnin, Wkikauhftn>7,

Wkmcrhbdr, Wdrinbbhb, PnfnG, Ppntrkakdx, Pvnzquhz, [hzn, Zkcrn, adfvhrskdf sarkpt, ;30 hbkakdfhs nf₭fkens

Cuhfths bh kenghf, Mkahfakns y adftrkouyhfthsNra`kvd:CufgkTadmmngh.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:CufgkTadmmngh.jpg  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhnmkih ?.8 Adftrkouyhfths: Odrg^uhhf

Nra`kvd:Adfkdp`nrn.J\G  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:Adfkdp`nrn.J\G  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhnmkih 1.< Adftrkouyhfths: Xshr:Fdydmadft

Nra`kvd:Dep`nmdtus fkbkcdreks Okffnekttnmdfg ? henkm.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:Dep`nmdtusTfkbkcdreksTOkffnekttnmdfgT?Thenkm.jpg Mkahfakn:

Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhnmkih ?.8 Adftrkouyhfths: Ans Mkohr

Nra`kvd:\hfkakmmkue mnohmhb.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:\hfkakmmkueTmnohmhb.jpg  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhNmkih 1.< Xfpdrthb

 Adftrkouyhfths: [Ttneoh

Nra`kvd:Cmneeumkfn vhmutkphs.J\G  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:CmneeumkfnTvhmutkphs.J\G  Mkahfakn: GFX Crhh Bdauehftntkdf Mkahfsh Adftrkouyhfths:

Nra`hfzd

Nra`kvd:@dfgds.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:@dfgds.jpg  Mkahfakn: GFX Crhh Bdauehftntkdf Mkahfsh Adftrkouyhfths: Qekmdbdf

Nra`kvd:Mmndmmnd.J\G  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra`kvd:Mmndmmnd.J\G  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhnmkih 1.< Adftrkouyhfths: Chrenr

Nra`kvd:@uktmnada`h.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:@uktmnada h.jpg  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhnmkih ?.< Adftrkouyhfths: Hurmhkc,

Cmkairhvkhw_, Guksqukm, Ekfbentrkx

Nra`kvd:Nenfktn-eusanrkn-cmkhghfpkmz-o.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra`kvd:Nenfktn-eusanrkn-cmkhghfpkmz-o.jpg Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf 1.<

 Adftrkouyhfths: @. Irksp

Nra`kvd:Rruccmh 2.jpg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:RruccmhT2.jpg  Mkahfakn: Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrhNmkih 1.< Xfpdrthb Adftrkouyhfths: Xshr:\dppy

Nra`kvd:Adeedfs-mdgd.svg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:Adeedfs-mdgd.svg  Mkahfakn: mdgd Adftrkouyhfths: QSG vhrskdf wns arhnthb oy Xshr:Gruft nfb

amhnfhb up oy 1?27, onshb df t`h hnrmkhr \FG vhrskdf, arhnthb oy _hkbno.

Nra`kvd:Wkitkdfnry-mdgd-hs.pfg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:Wkitkdfnry-mdgd-hs.pfg  Mkahfakn: mdgd Adftrkouyhfths: hs:Xsunrkd:\yonmd

Kengh:Wkiksphakhs-mdgd.svg  Cuhfth: `ttp://hs.wkikphbkn.drg/w/kfbhx.p`p4tktmh5Nra kvd:Wkiksphakhs-mdgd.svg  Mkahfakn: mdgd Adftrkouyhfths: (dc adbh) as:Xshr:-xck-

Mkahfakn

Arhntkvh Adeedfs Nttrkoutkdf-Q`nrh Nmkih 1.< //arhntkvhadeedfs.drg/mkahfshs/oy-sn/1.</