CENDAWAN DAN PARASIT Cendawan Srikandi Fardiaz (1992) : Suatu organisme eukariotik yang mempunyai ciri-ciri ; (1)Mempunyai inti sel (2)Memproduksi spora (3)Tidak mempunyai klorofil (≠ melakukan fotosintesa) (4)Berkembang biak secara seksual maupun aseksual (5)Beberapa mempunyai bagian-bagian tubuh berbentuk filamen dengan dinding sel
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CENDAWAN DAN
PARASIT
Cendawan Srikandi Fardiaz (1992) :Suatu organisme eukariotik yang mempunyai ciri-ciri ;(1)Mempunyai inti sel(2)Memproduksi spora(3)Tidak mempunyai klorofil (≠ melakukan
fotosintesa)(4)Berkembang biak secara seksual maupun
aseksual(5)Beberapa mempunyai bagian-bagian tubuh
berbentuk filamen dengan dinding sel yang mengandung selulosa atau khitin, atau kedua-duanya.
Parasit : organisme menempel yang dapat bersifat patogenik dan fatal pada infeksi yang berat
Parasitisme : hubungan antara dua organisme dimana salah satunya bergantung hidup pada yang lainnya untuk mengambil keuntungan pada inang. Biasanya keuntungan yang diambil adalah nutrisi.
menghasilkan antibiotik (Penicillium notatum). - Jamur yang bisa dimakan edible Mushrom
(Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus) dll- Sebagai sumber obat-obatan- Sebagai pengurai bahan organik-Sebagai pengendali penyakit secara hayati
-Merugikan : Sebagai pathogen
CENDAWAN
CENDAWAN
CENDAWAN DIBEDAKAN MENJADI 3 GOLONGAN :1.KAPANG/JAMUR/MOLD2. KHAMIR/RAGI/YEAST3. CENDAWAN DIMORFIK
CENDAWANKAPANG
1. Multiselluler 2. Membentuk benang-benang hifa / filament3. Hifa yang dibentuk ada yang bersekat maupun
tak bersekat4. Memproduksi spora 5. Bersifat aerob6. Koloni berbentuk rhizoid7. Reproduksi seksual atau aseksual
CENDAWANKHAMIR/YEAST
1. Uniselluler 2. Bentuk oval / lonjong dengan diameter 3 – 15
mikron, 3. Reproduksi asekual membentuk tunas
(budding cell) atau membelah diri (fussion) ; seksual dengan spora
4. Bersifat aerob atau anaerob5. Koloni berbentuk pasta, ≠ hypha
CENDAWANCENDAWAN DIMORFIK
Merupakan jamur yang mempunyai dua bentuk yaitu : khamir dan kapang. Berbentuk khamir jika berada di dalam inang / host atau pada suhu inkubasi 37 derajat C, dan berbentuk kapang jika berada diluar inangnya atau pada suhu inkubasi suhu ruang.
CENDAWAN
Khamir/yeastSaccharomyces sp
Fungi/mold/kapangSaprolegnia sp
Cendawan dimorfikBlastomyces dermatitidis
CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI
CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI
CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP
CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP
A. Yeast cells reproducing by blastoconidia formation; B. Yeast dividing by fission; C. Pseudohyphal development; D. Coenocytic hyphae; E. Septate hyphae; F. Septate hyphae with clamp connections
PHYLUM EUMYCOTA SP. MASTIGOMYCOTINA
C. Oomycetes O. Saprolegniales Saprolegnia Achyla Branchiomyces C. Chytridiomycetes O. Chytridiales Dermocystidium SP. ZYGOMYCOTINA O. Entomopthorales Ichtyophonus Basidiobolus FUNGI IMPERFECTI C. Hyphomycetes O. Moniliales Exophiala Aspergillus C. Coelomycetes O. Sphaeropsidales Phoma
CENDAWANCENDAWAN DI IKAN
First example of a fungal infection noted in fish was illustrated by Arderon in 1748
as mentioned, they produce a motile biflagellate spore (easy dispersal)
also produce a thick-walled zoospore by the fusion of two gametes; thus, oospore and their name
usually manifested as hyphae
Class Oomycetes
(1) Saprolegniasis
Although there are four Orders within the Class Oomycetes, almost all of the significant fish pathogens are within Family Saprolegniaceae
saprolegniasis is the term used to describe infection with Saprolegnia parasitica-declina complex
it is typically external, affecting skin and gills, sometimes eggs
Saprolegniasis
As mentioned, the adult form is a mass of filaments known as hyphae
the mass is called a mycelium (looks like a wad of cotton in the water)
hyphae are unique in that they are non-septate (no divisions)
the asexual biflagellated zoospores are thought to initiate most infections
Saprolegniasis
Ecology: ubiquitous, most surface fresh waters, limited to no greater than 2.8 ppt
can live on dead or live matter, affect only fish which have been compromised in some way:1. suppression of immune system
(unfavorable temps)2. injury to skin (trauma)3. spawning or precocious sexual
maturity (thickened epithelium = more mucus)
4. no seasonal (temp) restrictions to infections with eggs
Saprolegniasis
Clinical features: seen as gray-white lesions (patches) on skin, could be colored due to what’s in culture water
lesions start small and circular, but spreadcan sometimes damage internal organsall fish are susceptibleonly unfertilized eggs can be penetrated by
hyphae
Saprolegniasis
Control: for the fish, use good management techniques, avoid predisposing factors (feed, injury, water quality esp. temp)
Treatment: malachite green as topical disinfectant (not approved), formalin is approved but not as effective
Saprolegniasis: life cycle
Saprolegniasis: hyphae
Saprolegniasis
Saprolegniasis
mycelium
Saprolegniasis
Saprolegniasis
Fish eggs with Saprolegniasis
(2) BranchiomycosisThis disease is commonly referred
to as “gill rot”due to massive necrosis of gillsBranchiomycosis sp. fungus
invades gill blood vesselseither B. sanguinis (only in gill
blood vessels); carp, goldfishor B. demigrans (grows from
blood vessels to tissue); bass, pike, striped bass
vary due to complex relationship between host, fungus and secondary bacterial infection
stress in combination with infection can cause increased handling mortality (esp. shipping)
Transmission: Fusarium is naturally-occurring fungus of decaying organic matter, produces non-motile infective spores (macroconidia)
infection is passive through wound, conidia germinate and produce hyphae which penetrate underlying tissues
Fusarium sp.Diagnosis: presence of lesions in
broodstock or adults, demonstration of hyphae, canoe-shaped macroconidia, culture on std mycological media
Control Strategies: no practical treatment, prevention a matter of proper husbandry, sanitation, adequate facilities
avoid procedures/conditions leading to cuticle damage
cull out infected broodstock, adults
Fusarium sp.
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of a host, while endoparasites live in thehost’s interior. For example, most trematodes are endoparasitic in the internal tissues anddigestive tract, whereas almost all monogeneans live on the gills or skin of fish (see pp.55–72).• Most species of parasites are obligate parasites, which need a host for survival at leastduring certain stages of their life cycle. A few (e.g. some ciliates) are facultative parasitesand are able to survive in the free environment during their whole life but can parasitisea host as well (see pp. 37–41).• Temporary parasites, such as leeches, infect their hosts only for short periods, whereaspermanent parasites, such as roundworms or trematodes in the digestive tract of manymarine animals, infect hosts for a long time (see pp. 72–87 and 104–115).• Larval parasites are parasitic only during their larval stage (e.g. praniza larvae of isopods)(see p. 144 and Fig. 6.5).• Periodic parasites, such as leeches, visit their hosts in intervals (see pp. 196–202).• Hyperparasites are parasites of parasites. In the marine environment, not manyhyperparasites are known, but new ones are being described frequently. An example isthe monogenean Udonella that infects copepod ectoparasites of fishes (see pp. 293–298).• Microparasites (which include the protistans and some helminths) are small and haveshort generation times, reproduce in or on a host at high rates, the duration of infectionis often shorter than the life span of hosts, and they induce immune responses in theirvertebrate hosts. In contrast, macroparasites (arthropods and most helminths) are larger,do not multiply in or on the host, and have longer generation times than microparasites.