Fungi dan Parasit.pptx

CENDAWAN DAN

PARASIT

Cendawan Srikandi Fardiaz (1992) :Suatu organisme eukariotik yang mempunyai ciri-ciri ;(1)Mempunyai inti sel(2)Memproduksi spora(3)Tidak mempunyai klorofil (≠ melakukan

fotosintesa)(4)Berkembang biak secara seksual maupun

aseksual(5)Beberapa mempunyai bagian-bagian tubuh

berbentuk filamen dengan dinding sel yang mengandung selulosa atau khitin, atau kedua-duanya.

Parasit : organisme menempel yang dapat bersifat patogenik dan fatal pada infeksi yang berat

Parasitisme : hubungan antara dua organisme dimana salah satunya bergantung hidup pada yang lainnya untuk mengambil keuntungan pada inang. Biasanya keuntungan yang diambil adalah nutrisi.

CENDAWAN DAN

PARASIT

• Bermanfaat / menguntungkanYang bermanfaat diantaranya adalah : - Fermentasi alcohol,  pembuatan tempe,

menghasilkan antibiotik (Penicillium notatum). -  Jamur yang bisa dimakan edible Mushrom

(Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus) dll- Sebagai sumber obat-obatan- Sebagai pengurai bahan organik-Sebagai pengendali penyakit secara hayati

-Merugikan : Sebagai pathogen

CENDAWAN

CENDAWAN

CENDAWAN DIBEDAKAN MENJADI 3 GOLONGAN :1.KAPANG/JAMUR/MOLD2. KHAMIR/RAGI/YEAST3. CENDAWAN DIMORFIK

CENDAWANKAPANG

1. Multiselluler 2. Membentuk benang-benang hifa / filament3. Hifa yang dibentuk ada yang bersekat maupun

tak bersekat4. Memproduksi spora 5. Bersifat aerob6. Koloni berbentuk rhizoid7. Reproduksi seksual atau aseksual

CENDAWANKHAMIR/YEAST

1. Uniselluler 2. Bentuk oval / lonjong dengan diameter 3  – 15

mikron, 3. Reproduksi asekual  membentuk tunas

(budding cell) atau membelah diri (fussion) ; seksual dengan spora

4. Bersifat aerob atau anaerob5. Koloni berbentuk pasta, ≠ hypha

CENDAWANCENDAWAN DIMORFIK

Merupakan jamur yang mempunyai dua bentuk yaitu : khamir dan kapang. Berbentuk khamir jika berada di dalam inang / host atau pada suhu inkubasi 37 derajat C, dan berbentuk kapang jika berada diluar inangnya atau pada suhu inkubasi suhu ruang.

CENDAWAN

Khamir/yeastSaccharomyces sp

Fungi/mold/kapangSaprolegnia sp

Cendawan dimorfikBlastomyces dermatitidis

CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI

CENDAWANMORFOLOGI FUNGI

CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP

CENDAWANSIKLUS HIDUP

A. Yeast cells reproducing by blastoconidia formation; B. Yeast dividing by fission; C. Pseudohyphal development; D. Coenocytic hyphae; E. Septate hyphae; F. Septate hyphae with clamp connections

PHYLUM EUMYCOTA SP. MASTIGOMYCOTINA

C. Oomycetes O. Saprolegniales Saprolegnia Achyla Branchiomyces C. Chytridiomycetes O. Chytridiales Dermocystidium SP. ZYGOMYCOTINA O. Entomopthorales Ichtyophonus Basidiobolus FUNGI IMPERFECTI C. Hyphomycetes O. Moniliales Exophiala Aspergillus C. Coelomycetes O. Sphaeropsidales Phoma

CENDAWANCENDAWAN DI IKAN

First example of a fungal infection noted in fish was illustrated by Arderon in 1748

as mentioned, they produce a motile biflagellate spore (easy dispersal)

also produce a thick-walled zoospore by the fusion of two gametes; thus, oospore and their name

usually manifested as hyphae

Class Oomycetes

(1) Saprolegniasis

Although there are four Orders within the Class Oomycetes, almost all of the significant fish pathogens are within Family Saprolegniaceae

saprolegniasis is the term used to describe infection with Saprolegnia parasitica-declina complex

it is typically external, affecting skin and gills, sometimes eggs

Saprolegniasis

As mentioned, the adult form is a mass of filaments known as hyphae

the mass is called a mycelium (looks like a wad of cotton in the water)

hyphae are unique in that they are non-septate (no divisions)

the asexual biflagellated zoospores are thought to initiate most infections

Saprolegniasis

Ecology: ubiquitous, most surface fresh waters, limited to no greater than 2.8 ppt

can live on dead or live matter, affect only fish which have been compromised in some way:1. suppression of immune system

(unfavorable temps)2. injury to skin (trauma)3. spawning or precocious sexual

maturity (thickened epithelium = more mucus)

4. no seasonal (temp) restrictions to infections with eggs

Saprolegniasis

Clinical features: seen as gray-white lesions (patches) on skin, could be colored due to what’s in culture water

lesions start small and circular, but spreadcan sometimes damage internal organsall fish are susceptibleonly unfertilized eggs can be penetrated by

hyphae

Saprolegniasis

Control: for the fish, use good management techniques, avoid predisposing factors (feed, injury, water quality esp. temp)

Treatment: malachite green as topical disinfectant (not approved), formalin is approved but not as effective

Saprolegniasis: life cycle

Saprolegniasis: hyphae

Saprolegniasis

Saprolegniasis

mycelium

Saprolegniasis

Saprolegniasis

Fish eggs with Saprolegniasis

(2) BranchiomycosisThis disease is commonly referred

to as “gill rot”due to massive necrosis of gillsBranchiomycosis sp. fungus

invades gill blood vesselseither B. sanguinis (only in gill

blood vessels); carp, goldfishor B. demigrans (grows from

blood vessels to tissue); bass, pike, striped bass

BranchiomycosisEpizootiology: sudden on-set, rapid course,

high mortality (within two days sometimes), overall mort’s = 30-50%

usually when temps above 20oCWhy? High organic loads, algae, high temps,

high densitytransmission: probably horizontal from

other necrotic gills (spores)

BranchiomycosisClinical features: disease course

so fast that fish are dead before any signs; fish go off feed, school at surface, become sluggish

later: necrotic patches on gills (much clubbing, fusion of lamellae)

Histopath: hyperplasia of gill epithelium, fusion of lamellae, massive necrosis

Control: treatment ineffective due to rapid on-set; strict hygiene, remove dead fish, don’t overfeed, fertilize, crowd

Branchiomycosis

Fungal Disease (3): Ichthyophoniasis (Zygomycotina)Originally found by Bruno Hofer in trout

in 1893, called disease “the staggers”caused by Ichthyophonus hoferi also

classified as Ichthyosporidium hoferiusually seen as thick, fungus-like resting

sporesendemic in most feral cold water marine

fish populationsdisease transmitted orallyit is an obligate fish pathogen: life history

varies from host to host

IchythophoniasisLife cycle complicated: produces large

number of endospores and resting spores in most internal organs

usually comes from other fish in populationClinical Features: hyphae are not visible

externally, can affect up to 70% of population is fungus is in epizootic years

Histopathology: signs depend on host, organs involved; generally, as gray-white lesions of organ, organ atrophy

Control: disease transmitted orally; obviously, don’t feed infected fish to fish (some people feed raw marine fish offal to hatchery fish)

Ichythophoniasis

Ichythophoniasis

Ichthyophoniasis (I. hoferi)

Fungal Disease (4): Aspergillomycosis These agents are members of the

Fungi Imperfecti“Fungi imperfecti” simply means

you can’t find sexual stages in the life cycle of the fungus

associated with genus, Aspergillus (those of you who have had Aquatic Nutrition remember this guy, right?!)

the Aspergilli are ubiquitous and typically involved in decay processes

byproducts of degradation of feeds = aflatoxicosis

AspergillomycosisOnly recently discovered as a

pathogen of farmed fish (1983)largely described for cultured Tilapiausually seen after any stress in terms

of management of fish in ponds (partial harvest, weighing, etc.)

Pathology: abdominal distension, darkening of color, lethargy; incision of body cavity = copious amounts of fluid

look for hyphae in liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, swim bladder

Epizootiology: mortalities of at least 20% of stock

Shrimp Mycosis: LagenidiumThis disease largely caused by

Lagenidium callinectes or Sirolpidium sp.

two fungal agents can cause rapid mortality of entire tank

fungi have similar life cycles, producing hyphae which spread throughout the body

major signs: dead or moribund larvae show obvious hyphae, death in 3-5 days if untreated

Larval Mycosis: LagenidiumEpizootiology: unknown, possibly

from broodstock, previously infected batches of larvae, contaminated source water; spread by motile zoospores

Diagnosis: simple due to obvious hyphal structures in infected animals

Control: Treflan @ 10 to 100 ppb; Treflan unstable in water, must be “dripped” in or re-applied every 5-8 hrs; disinfection of tank and apparati

Lagenidium callinectes

Shrimp Mycosis: Fusarium sp.We have already mentioned

Lagenidium callinectes and Sirolpidium sp.

These were agents of larval mycosisOne common fungi affecting adults is

Fusarium sp., member of fungi imperfecti

Causes disease known as fusariosislargely associated with broodstock,

particularly of Farfantepenaeus japonicus and Litopenaeus stylirostris

L. vannamei appears fairly resistant

Fusarium sp.Fusariosis is a problem when several

contributing factors are present:age: shrimp are typically older

(adult, broodstock)cuticle wounding: due to rough

handling, crowding, rough container surfaces

improper sanitationMajor Signs: melanized, raised or

nodular lesions on cuticle, appendages, gills (fungus cannot penetrate intact cuticle)

often found on tips of appendages

Fusarium sp.Mortality rates of infected shrimp

vary due to complex relationship between host, fungus and secondary bacterial infection

stress in combination with infection can cause increased handling mortality (esp. shipping)

Transmission: Fusarium is naturally-occurring fungus of decaying organic matter, produces non-motile infective spores (macroconidia)

infection is passive through wound, conidia germinate and produce hyphae which penetrate underlying tissues

Fusarium sp.Diagnosis: presence of lesions in

broodstock or adults, demonstration of hyphae, canoe-shaped macroconidia, culture on std mycological media

Control Strategies: no practical treatment, prevention a matter of proper husbandry, sanitation, adequate facilities

avoid procedures/conditions leading to cuticle damage

cull out infected broodstock, adults

Fusarium sp.

Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of a host, while endoparasites live in thehost’s interior. For example, most trematodes are endoparasitic in the internal tissues anddigestive tract, whereas almost all monogeneans live on the gills or skin of fish (see pp.55–72).• Most species of parasites are obligate parasites, which need a host for survival at leastduring certain stages of their life cycle. A few (e.g. some ciliates) are facultative parasitesand are able to survive in the free environment during their whole life but can parasitisea host as well (see pp. 37–41).• Temporary parasites, such as leeches, infect their hosts only for short periods, whereaspermanent parasites, such as roundworms or trematodes in the digestive tract of manymarine animals, infect hosts for a long time (see pp. 72–87 and 104–115).• Larval parasites are parasitic only during their larval stage (e.g. praniza larvae of isopods)(see p. 144 and Fig. 6.5).• Periodic parasites, such as leeches, visit their hosts in intervals (see pp. 196–202).• Hyperparasites are parasites of parasites. In the marine environment, not manyhyperparasites are known, but new ones are being described frequently. An example isthe monogenean Udonella that infects copepod ectoparasites of fishes (see pp. 293–298).• Microparasites (which include the protistans and some helminths) are small and haveshort generation times, reproduce in or on a host at high rates, the duration of infectionis often shorter than the life span of hosts, and they induce immune responses in theirvertebrate hosts. In contrast, macroparasites (arthropods and most helminths) are larger,do not multiply in or on the host, and have longer generation times than microparasites.