biologia 8 malxaz mayaSvili rusdan axvlediani moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo bunebismetyvelebaSi
b i o l o g i a
malxaz mayaSvili
rusudan axvlediani
2012
VIII klasi
moswavlis wigni
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
malxaz mayaSvili
rusudan axvlediani
b i o l o g i aVIII klasi
moswavlis wigni
© malxaz mayaSvili, rusudan axvlediani, 2012
© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012
© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012
yvela ufleba daculia
Malkhaz Makashvili, Rusudan AkhvledianiBiology8th grade texbook
ISBN 978-9941-415-72-2
gamomcemloba `klio~
aRmaSeneblis gamz. 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTYvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 04 30
E-mail: [email protected] www.klio.ge
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 2 39 15 22
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa beqa xaCaturovi
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Sinaarsi
Tavi I. adamianis organizmis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi ............................................. 5
1.1 sxeulis mxareebi, proporcia, Rruebi ................................................................ 6
Tavi II. organizmis Sinagani Txevadi garemo ............................................................ 11
2.1 metabolizmi, organizmis Sinagani garemo, organoebi ................................. 122.2 sisxli .......................................................................................................................... 142.3 homeostazi ................................................................................................................ 162.4 sisxlis gadasxma. sisxlis paTologiebi ........................................................... 192.5 guli. sisxlis mimoqcevis wreebi ........................................................................ 222.6 pulsi ........................................................................................................................... 242.7 sisxlZarRvebi. sisxldena ..................................................................................... 272.8 gulis avtomatia. gulis cikli ........................................................................... 302.9 sisxlis moZraoba organizmSi. sisxlis wnevis gazomva ................................ 332.10 aTerosklerozi ..................................................................................................... 372.11 limfuri sistema ................................................................................................... 392.12 organizmis dacviTi sistema ............................................................................... 412.13 vaqcinacia, Sidsi, C-hepatiti, apendiciti ..................................................... 45
Tavi III. Zvlebi, kunTebi da kani .................................................................................... 49
3.1 Zvlis agebuleba da Sedgeniloba......................................................................... 503.2 Zvlovani sistemis funqcia .................................................................................... 543.3 adamianis ConCxis Taviseburebebi ....................................................................... 573.4 xerxemlis modelireba ............................................................................................ 593.5 Zvlovani sistemis zogierTi dazianeba da daavadebebi ................................ 603.6 rogor amoZravebs kunTebi Cvens sxeuls........................................................... 633.7 kunTYebis muSaoba. kunTis refleqsi ................................................................... 673.8 kanis struqtura da funqciebi ............................................................................ 693.9 dakvirveba kanis mgrZnobelobaze ....................................................................... 723.10 naoWebi, gaWaRaraveba, Worfli, feriWamiebi ................................................ 75
Tavi IV. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema ....................................................................... 77
4.1 saWmlis moneleba ..................................................................................................... 784.2 sad da rogor iwyeba saWmlis moneleba ............................................................. 814.3 vitaminebi. sakveb produqtebSi Semavali nivTierebebis gamovlena ........ 84
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4.4 sisxlSi glukozis raodenobis regulacia. diabeti .................................... 864.5 sxeulis wona. metabolizmis darRveva .............................................................. 884.6 jansaRi kvebis dRiuri racionis Sedgena ......................................................... 91
Tavi V. gamoyofa. gamravleba ......................................................................................... 93
5.1 sunTYqvis mniSvneloba. haergamtari gzebi ....................................................... 945.2 filtvebi. airTa cvla. sunTqvis regulacia .................................................. 985.3 filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba. sunTqvis sistemis daavadebebi ....... 1025.4 Sardis gamoyofa. RviZli ..................................................................................... 1055.5 Tirkmlis funqciis modelireba ....................................................................... 1085.6 gamravlebis organoTa sistema .......................................................................... 1105.7 Canasaxis ganviTareba. mitozi, meiozi ............................................................. 1135.8 nayofi ........................................................................................................................ 115
Tavi VI. nervuli sistema ............................................................................................... 117
6.1 nervuli sistemis mniSvneloba .......................................................................... 1186.2 zurgis tvinis agebuleba da mniSvneloba ...................................................... 1226.3 pirobiTi da upirobo refleqsebi .................................................................... 1246.4 Tavis tvini. SegrZnebebi ...................................................................................... 1276.5 SegrZnebis organoTa moqmedeba. mxedveloba ............................................... 1306.6 smena da wonasworoba ............................................................................................ 1346.7 periferiuli nervuli sistema .......................................................................... 1366.8 emociebi, qcevis regulacia ............................................................................... 1386.9 ganWvreta. dagegmva, metyveleba ....................................................................... 1416.10 dakvirveba mexsierebaze .................................................................................... 1446.11 nervuli sistemis daavadebebi ......................................................................... 147
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1.1 sxeulis mxareebi, proporcia, Rruebi
adamianis sxeulis erT-erT gverdze gavlebuli ver-tikaluri Sua xazic gayofs sxeuls or – zurgis da wina mxared.
leonardo da vinCim Tavis namuSevarSi asaxa zrdas -ruli adamianis sxeulis proporciebi. Sen jer zrdasru-li ar xar. sxeulis proporciis Ca moyali beba sruldeba daaxloebiT 25 wli saTvis.
adamianis torsi. romauli qandakeba
2. warmoidgine aseTi Sua xazi Tanaklaselis sxe-ulze. ormxriv simetriulia Tu ara sxeulis wina da
zurgis mxare? Ppasuxi daasabuTe.
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adamianis proporciebis dadgena
daakvirdi sxeulis proporcias: gazome sakuTari Tavis, torsis, zeda da qveda kidurebis sigrZe. gaakeTe igive gazomvebi Seni jgufis wevrebze; monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTvale Semdegi Sefardebebi:
Tavi
torsitorsi
zeda kiduritorsi
qveda kiduri
1. am Tavis Tavfurcelze moce mul adamianis sxeulze gaavle vertikal-
uri Sua xazi, romelic sxeuls or, marcxe-na da marjvena naxevrad gayofs*. daakvir-di suraTs da ganmarte, ra igulisxmeba, rode sac amboben, rom adamianis sxeuli sarkiseburi anu ormxrivi simetriis principiT aris agebuli.
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leonardo da vinCi.adamianis sxeulis proporciebi
* rodesac adamianis sxeuls pirispir uyureb misi marjvena mxare Sengan marcxnivaa, marcxena mxare ki Sengan marjvniv.
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adamiani mravalujrediani organizmia: ujredebi qmnian qsovilebs da orga-noebs, organoebi ki – organoTa sistemebs. adamianis Sinagani organoebi (tvi-ni, kuWi, guli, nawlavebi da sxv.) moTavsebulia sxeulis RruebSi. zogierTi organo, RruSi ar aris ganlagebuli. magaliTad ConCxis kunTebi Zvlebzea ganTavsebuli, kani ki sxeulzea gadakruli.
adamianis sxeulSi 5 ZiriTadi Rrua: qalas, xerxemlis, gulmkerdis, muclis da menjis Rruebi.
qalas Rru ukavSirdeba xerxemlis Rrus (xerxemlis arxs), muclis Rru – menjis Rrus. gulmkerdis Rru ga moyofilia muclis Rrusagan diafragmiT.
3. gaabrtyele plastilini, Semdeg mieci mas cilindris forma ise, rom SuaSi darCes sivrce. es iqneba adamianis torsis modeli. rogor
fiqrob, ras eZaxian sxeulis Rrus? uCvene is modelze.
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monacemebi Seitane cxrilis saTanado grafaSi:
cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT isaubre adamianis sxeulis pro por ciebis indi-vidualuri da asakobrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
saxlSi Seasrule igive davaleba da Seiswavle: I. Cvili bavSvis, II. Seni Tanatolis da III. mSoblis anazomis mixedviT miRebuli monacemebi.
gasazomi
obieqti
sigrZe (sm) Sefardeba
zeda
kiduri
qveda
kiduriTavi torsi
Tavi torsi torsi
torsi zeda kiduri qveda kiduri
1.
2.
3.
qalas Rru
xerxemlis Rru
gulmkerdis Rru
muclis Rru
menjis Rru
diafragma
adamianis sxeulis Rruebi
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organo SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli romelime RruSi, Sua xazis marcxniv, marjvniv an gadakveTaze, sxeulis wina mxares an zurgis mxares.
magaliTad: guli moTavsebulia gulmkerdis RruSi, vertikaluri Sua xazis gadakveTaze. Mmisi didi nawili moTavsebulia sxeulis marcxena wina mxares, xolo mcire nawili – sxeulis marjvena wina mxares.
imavdroulad zogierTi organo wyvilad aris warmod-genili, magaliTad gvaqvs ori, marcxena da marjvena Tirkmeli. aseTi organoebis ganlagebaSi Cans ormxrivi simetriac.
adamianis organoebi. xedi wina mxridan
adamianis organoebi. xedi gverdidan
guli
filtvi
diafragma
RviZli
nawlavi
Tirkmeli
1. ormxrivi simetriis garda arsebobs sxi-vuri simetriac. magaliTad, zRvis varskvlavi agebu lia sxivuri simetriiT. daakvirdi mis suraTs da Camoaya-libe sxivuri simetriis ganmarteba.
2. Tanaklaselebma SeasruleT proeqti Temaze: `ormxrivi simetria cocxal samyaroSi~. aRmoaCineT cxovelebis sxeulis da mcenaris organoebis agebule-baSi ormxrivi simetria. dagegmeT rogor warmarTavT samuSaos: rogor gamoavlenT simetriis formebs, ro-gor daafiqsirebT monacems (foto, Canaxati an nimuSe-bi), gainawileT movaleobebi da daTqviT proeqtis Ses-rulebis da warmodgenis vadebi.
davaleba
zRvis varskvlavi
5. anatomiuri orientirebis mi-
xedviT sqemaze ipove organo, romelic: gan lagebulia gulm-kerdis RruSi, sxe-ulis wina mxares, Sua xazis mimarT ormxriv simetriulad.
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6. gamoiyene anatomiuri orientirebi da sura-Tis mixedviT aRwere RviZlis ganlageba sxeulSi.
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