Because and Because Of

Because and Because Of

Sekilas, kata “because” dan “because of” memiliki makna yang sama yaitu “karena”. Namun demikian, kata ”because” dan ”because of” sangat sekali berbeda dalam penerapannya baik dalam bahasa Inggris lisan (spoken) maupun tertulis (written).Untuk lebih memahami, silahkan perhatikan penjelaan singkat berikut.

”Because” adalah conjuction (kata sambung) yang berarti karena. Dalam written dan spoken English, “because” selalu diikuti oleh Subject + Verb. “Because” juga menghubungkan dua klausa (kalimat) yang memiliki bentuk tense (waktu) yang sejenis.Contoh.We decided to stay at home because the weather was bad.She was absent from class because her cold was worse.

Sementara itu, “because of” berarti disebabkan atau dengan alasan yang fungsinya sama dengan ”because.” Berbeda dengan “because” yang diikuti oleh Subjek + Verb, ”because of” selalu diikuti oleh Noun (kata benda).Contoh.We decided to stay at home because of the weather.She was absent from class because of her cold.

Because and because of

Complete the following sentences using because or because of.

1. We stopped playing ………………………….. it rained.

a) because

b) because of

2. I tried to help him …………………………… I liked him.

a) because

b) because of

3. She won the first prize ……………………………. her hard work.

a) because

b) because of

4. They dismissed him ……………………………. he was dishonest.

a) because

b) because of

5. We cancelled the trip …………………………… the rain.

a) because

b) because of

6. Suman worked hard ……………………………. she wanted to pass.

a) because

b) because of

7. I was late …………………………… the traffic.

a) because

b) because of

8. The flight was cancelled …………………………….. bad weather.

a) because

b) because of

9. He can’t walk …………………………….. his illness.

a) because

b) because of

10. He found working in China very difficult …………………………… he didn’t understand the language.

a) because

b) because of

Answers

1. We stopped playing because it rained.

2. I tried to help him because I liked him.

3. She won the first prize because of her hard work.

4. They dismissed him because he was dishonest.

5. We cancelled the trip because of the rain.

6. Suman worked hard because she wanted to pass.

7. I was late because of the traffic.

8. The flight was cancelled because of bad weather.

9. He can’t walk because of his illness.

10. He found working in China very difficult because he didn’t understand the language.

jangan samakan antara phrasal verb dengan verb phrase. Jika verb phrase adalah frasa yang memiliki kata utama sebuah verb (kata kerja), maka berbeda dengan phrasal verb. Untuk lebih jelas tentang apa itu phrasal verb dan beberapa hal mengenai phrasal verb, kita awali saja dengan definisi phrasal verb.

Definisi phrasal verb dapat kita simak dari pendapat McCarthy dan O’Dell (2007: 6) di bawah ini :

Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a verb and a particle (a preposition or adverb) or a verb and two particles (an adverb and a preposition).

Menurut mereka, Phrasal Verb adalah kata kerja yang berisikan sebuah kata kerja dan sebuah partikel. Bisa juga phrasal verb mengandung sebuah kata kerja dan dua buah partikel. Partikel disini bisa berupa preposition (kata depan) ataupun adverb (kata keterangan).

Sementara itu, Wyatt (2006: 3) menjelaskan tentang definisi phrasal verb seperti di bawah ini: A phrasal verb is a verb formed from two (or sometimes three) parts: a verb and an adverb or preposition. These adverbs and prepositions are often called particles when they are used in a phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb adalah sebuah kata kerja yang terbentuk dari dua (atau kadang tiga) bagian: sebuah verb dan adverb atau preposition. Adverb (kata keterangan) dan preposition (kata depan) ini sering disebut dengan particle saat digunakan dalam phrasal verb.

Contoh:

Look For (Look = kata kerja, for = preposition) Wait For (Wait = kata kerja, for = preposition) Stand Up (Stand = kata kerja, up = adverbial particle) Look Forward to (Look = kata kerja, forward = adverb, to = prepositon)

Phrasal Verbs ListPhrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don't recognize. The examples will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning.

This list shows about 200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and examples. Only the most usual meanings are given. Some phrasal verbs may have additional meanings.

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs properly. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot. Review this phrasal verbs grammar from time to time so that you don't forget the rules!

Verb Meaning Example

ask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.

ask around ask many people the same question I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-phrasal-verbs.htm

add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32.

back something up reverseYou'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.

back someone up supportMy wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.

blow up explodeThe racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.

blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.

break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine)Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.

break down get upsetThe woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.

break something down divide into smaller partsOur teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.

break in force entry to a buildingSomebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.

break into something enter forciblyThe firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.

break something inwear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new

I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.

break in interruptThe TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.

break up end a relationshipMy boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.

break up start laughing (informal)The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.

break out escapeThe prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.

break out in something develop a skin condition I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.

bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.

bring someone up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my

parents died.

bring something up start talking about a subjectMy mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.

bring something up vomitHe drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.

call around phone many different places/peopleWe called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed.

call someone back return a phone callI called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.

call something off cancelJason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.

call on someone ask for an answer or opinion The professor called on me for question 1.

call on someone visit someoneWe called on you last night but you weren't home.

call someone up phoneGive me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.

calm down relax after being angryYou are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.

not care for someone/something

not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour.

catch up get to the same point as someone elseYou'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.

check in arrive and register at a hotel or airport We will get the hotel keys when we check in.

check out leave a hotelYou have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.

check someone/something out

look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all new employees.

check out someone/something

look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good news.

cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.

chip in helpIf everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.

clean something up tidy, cleanPlease clean up your bedroom before you go outside.

come across something find unexpectedlyI came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.

come apart separateThe top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.

come down with something become sickMy nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.

come forward volunteer for a task or to give evidenceThe woman came forward with her husband's finger prints.

come from somewhere originate in The art of origami comes from Asia.

count on someone/something

rely onI am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.

cross something out draw a line throughPlease cross out your old address and write your new one.

cut back on something consume lessMy doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.

cut something down make something fall to the groundWe had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.

cut in interruptYour father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.

cut inpull in too closely in front of another vehicle

The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.

cut instart operating (of an engine or electrical device)

The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C.

cut something off remove with something sharpThe doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.

cut something off stop providingThe phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.

cut someone off take out of a will My grandparents cut my father off when he

remarried.

cut something outremove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)

I cut this ad out of the newspaper.

do someone/something over

beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang.

do something over do again (N.Amer.)My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic.

do away with something discardIt's time to do away with all of these old tax records.

do something up fasten, closeDo your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing!

dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.

drop back move back in a position/groupAndrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike.

drop in/by/over come without an appointmentI might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week.

drop someone/something off

take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there

I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.

drop out quit a class, school etcI dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.

eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.

end up eventually reach/do/decideWe ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.

fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.

fall down fall to the groundThe picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.

fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my pocket.

fall out(of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached

His hair started to fall out when he was only 35.

figure something out understand, find the answerI need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.

fill something in to write information in blanks (Br.E.)Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.

fill something out to write information in blanks (N.Amer.) The form must be filled out in capital letters.

fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.

find out discoverWe don't know where he lives. How can we find out?

find something out discoverWe tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.

get something across/over communicate, make understandableI tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen.

get along/on like each otherI was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on.

get around have mobilityMy grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.

get away go on a vacationWe worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.

get away with something do without being noticed or punishedJason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests.

get back return We got back from our vacation last week.

get something back receive something you had beforeLiz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate.

get back at someone retaliate, take revengeMy sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.

get back into something become interested in something again I finally got back into my novel and finished it.

get on something step onto a vehicleWe're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.

get over something recover from an illness, loss, difficulty I just got over the flu and now my sister has it.

get over something overcome a problemThe company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations.

get round to somethingfinally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to something)

I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.

get together meet (usually for social reasons) Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.

get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam.

get up standYou should get up and give the elderly man your seat.

give someone away reveal hidden information about someone His wife gave him away to the police.

give someone away take the bride to the altar My father gave me away at my wedding.

give something away ruin a secretMy little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.

give something away give something to someone for free The library was giving away old books on Friday.

give something back return a borrowed itemI have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.

give in reluctantly stop fighting or arguingMy boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in.

give something out give to many people (usually at no cost)They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store.

give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.

give up stop tryingMy maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.

go after someone follow someone My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.

go after something try to achieve somethingI went after my dream and now I am a published writer.

go against someone compete, opposeWe are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.

go ahead start, proceedPlease go ahead and eat before the food gets cold.

go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch.

go out leave home to go on a social event We're going out for dinner tonight.

go out with someone dateJesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter.

go over something reviewPlease go over your answers before you submit your test.

go over visit someone nearbyI haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.

go without something suffer lack or deprivationWhen I was young, we went without winter boots.

grow apart stop being friends over timeMy best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.

grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer.

grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.

grow out of something get too big forElizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.

grow into something grow big enough to fitThis bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.

hand something down give something used to someone elseI handed my old comic books down to my little cousin.

hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday.

hand something out to distribute to a group of people We will hand out the invitations at the door.

hand something over give (usually unwillingly)The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.

hang in stay positive (N.Amer., informal)Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.

hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!

hang out spend time relaxing (informal)Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place.

hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.

hold someone/something back

prevent from doing/goingI had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.

hold something back hide an emotionJamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral.

hold on wait a short timePlease hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.

hold onto someone/something

hold firmly using your hands or armsHold onto your hat because it's very windy outside.

hold someone/somethingup robA man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.

keep on doing something continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.

keep something from someone

not tellWe kept our relationship from our parents for two years.

keep someone/something out

stop from entering Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.

keep something up continue at the same rateIf you keep those results up you will get into a great college.

let someone down fail to support or help, disappointI need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time.

let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to school?

look after someone/something

take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother.

look down on someone think less of, consider inferiorEver since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.

look for someone/something

try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.

look forward to something be excited about the future I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.

look into something investigateWe are going to look into the price of snowboards today.

look out be careful, vigilant, and take notice Look out! That car's going to hit you!

look out for someone/something

be especially vigilant forDon't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.

look something over check, examineCan you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?

look something up search and find information in a reference We can look her phone number up on the

book or database Internet.

look up to someone have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me.

make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up a story about why we were late.

make up forgive each otherWe were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.

make someone up apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my graduation party.

mix something up confuse two or more things I mixed up the twins' names again!

pass away dieHis uncle passed away last night after a long illness.

pass out faintIt was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.

pass something out give the same thing to many peopleThe professor passed the textbooks out before class.

pass something up decline (usually something good)I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.

pay someone back return owed moneyThanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday.

pay for something be punished for doing something badThat bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.

pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.

point someone/something out

indicate with your finger I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.

put something downput what you are holding on a surface or floor

You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter.

put someone down insult, make someone feel stupidThe students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.

put something off postponeWe are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.

put something out extinguishThe neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.

put something together assembleI have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.

put up with someone/something

tolerateI don't think I can put up with three small children in the car.

put something on put clothing/accessories on your bodyDon't forget to put on your new earrings for the party.

run into someone/something

meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.

run over someone/something

drive a vehicle over a person or thingI accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway.

run over/through something

rehearse, reviewLet's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.

run away leave unexpectedly, escapeThe child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.

run out have none leftWe ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.

send something back return (usually by mail)My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.

set something up arrange, organizeOur boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.

set someone up trick, trapThe police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.

shop around compare pricesI want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.

show offact extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)

He always shows off on his skateboard

sleep over stay somewhere for the night (informal)You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.

sort something out organize, resolve a problemWe need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.

stick to somethingcontinue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing

You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.

switch something off stop the energy flow, turn off The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.

switch something on start the energy flow, turn onWe heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.

take after someone resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both impatient.

take something apart purposely break into piecesHe took the car brakes apart and found the problem.

take something back return an itemI have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work.

take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes.

take something off remove something (usually clothing)Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!

take something out remove from a place or thingCan you take the garbage out to the street for me?

take someone outpay for someone to go somewhere with you

My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie.

tear something up rip into piecesI tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.

think back remember (often + to, sometimes + on)When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder.

think something over considerI'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.

throw something away dispose ofWe threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.

turn something downdecrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)

Please turn the TV down while the guests are here.

turn something down refuseI turned the job down because I don't want to move.

turn something off stop the energy flow, switch offYour mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner.

turn something on start the energy, switch on It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on.

turn something up increase the volume or strength (heat, Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite

light etc) song.

turn up appear suddenlyOur cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.

try something on sample clothingI'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit.

try something out testI am going to try this new brand of detergent out.

use something up finish the supplyThe kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.

wake up stop sleeping We have to wake up early for work on Monday.

warm someone/something up

increase the temperatureYou can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.

warm up prepare body for exerciseI always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.

wear off fade awayMost of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.

work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week.

work out be successful Our plan worked out fine.

work something out make a calculationWe have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

Phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences using appropriate phrasal verbs.

1. The forest department has advised against smoking in the forest because fires can easily ……………………………….

a) break out

b) break off

c) break down

2. I ……………………………… to your next visit.

a) look towards

b) look forward

c) look at

3. I’m afraid we have ……………………………… gas.

a) run off

b) run out of

c) run out

4. Ann’s decision to ……………………………. her wedding shocked her parents.

b) call off

b) call out

c) call in

5. When asked why he was late, he …………………………… a story.

a) made up

b) made out

c) made off

6. He was ……………………………. by his enthusiasm.

a) carried away

b) carried out

c) carried off

7. She can’t ………………………… her mobile phone. She takes it wherever she goes.

a) do without

b) do with

c) do away

8. He ………………………….. at the ripe old age of ninety-two.

a) passed away

b) passed out

c) passed for

Answers

1. The forest department has advised against smoking in the forest because fires can break out any time.

2. I look forward to your next visit.

3. I am afraid we have run out of gas.

4. Ann’s decision to call off her wedding shocked her parents.

5. When asked why he was late, he made up a story.

6. He was carried away by his enthusiasm.

7. She can’t do without her mobile phone. She takes it wherever she goes.

8. He passed away at the ripe old age of ninety-two.


Complete the following sentences using phrasal verbs. The meaning of the phrasal verb that would correctly complete the sentence is given in the bracket.

1. ……………………………….. your coat. (Remove). It is getting hot.

2. Susie has agreed to ………………………….. my babies when I am away. (take care of)

3. They have ………………………………… the truth. (discovered)

4. Can I …………………………….. this shirt? (see if it fits me)

5. ………………………….. (be quick). We are getting late.

6. …………………………… your coat before you step out. It is very cold. (wear)

7. We will …………………………………. the train at the next station. (Step out)

8. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, ………………………………. it …………………………. (consult a dictionary)

9. She asked me to ………………………………… the form. (complete)

10. The firemen couldn’t ……………………………….. the fire. (extinguish)

Answers

1. Take off your coat. It is getting hot.

2. Susie has agreed to look after my babies when I am away.

3. They have found out the truth.

4. Can I try on this shirt?

5. Hurry up. We are getting late.

6. Put on your coat before you step out. It is very cold.

7. We will get off the train at the next station.

8. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look it up.

9. She asked me to fill in the form.

10. The firemen couldn’t put out the fire.

Phrasal verbs with turn

Each sentence given below contains an incomplete phrasal verb. Fill in the blanks using an appropriate adverb particle or preposition that would complete the phrasal verb.

1. I was apprehensive about admitting Peter but he turned ………………………………. to be a good boy.

a) over

b) out

c) up

2. Turn …………………………….. the lights and fans when you are not using them.

a) down

b) out

c) over

3. He said that he wouldn’t come but eventually turned …………………………… at the party.

a) over

b) up

c) down

4. As it was getting late, we turned …………………………. and went home.

a) off

b) around

c) in

5. Could you please turn ……………………….. the volume? I can’t hear the music.

a) in

b) up

c) over

6. Even his friends turned ……………………………. him.

a) against

b) up

c) over

7. He is an old friend. I can’t turn him …………………………..

a) away

b) over

c) against

8. Reporters who visited the accident victim were turned ……………………………

a) against

b) away

c) off

Answers

1. I was apprehensive about admitting Peter but he turned out to be a good boy.

2. Turn out the lights and fans when you are not using them.

3. He said that he wouldn’t come but eventually turned up at the party.

4. As it was getting late, we turned around and went home.

5. Could you please turn up the volume? I can’t hear the music.

6. Even his friends turned against him.

7. He is an old friend. I can’t turn him away.

8. Reporters who visited the accident victim were turned away.

Phrasal verbs with look exercise

Complete the following sentences. Each sentence given below contains an incomplete phrasal verb. Fill in the blanks with a preposition or an adverb particle that completes the phrasal verb. This exercise is about phrasal verbs with look.

1. We looked …………………………… a few apartments before we zeroed in on this one.

a) at

b) for

c) to

2. The job of a proof reader is to look …………………………. documents for spelling and grammar mistakes.

a) at

b) into

c) through

3. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, you must look them ………………………………….. in a dictionary.

a) up

b) over

c) through

4. I am looking forward ……………………………………. your reply.

a) to

b) for

c) through

5. Look ………………………… ! We are going to crash!

a) at

b) out

c) for

6. He said that he would like to look ……………………………. the possibility of starting a business.

a) up

b) over

c) into

7. Susie has agreed to look ………………………………… my kids when I am away on a business trip.

a) for

b) after

c) at

8. She is looking ………………………………. a new job.

a) for

b) at

c) up

Answers

1. We looked at a few apartments before we zeroed in on this one.

2. The job of a proofreader is to look through documents for spelling and grammar mistakes.

3. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, you must look them up in a dictionary.

4. I am looking forward to your reply.

5. Look out! We are going to crash!

6. He said that he would like to look into the possibility of starting a business.

7. Susie has agreed to look after my kids when I am away on a business trip.

8. She is looking for a new job.

Phrasal verbs with break

Phrasal verbs are made by putting a verb and an adverb particle or preposition together. They are common in all forms of English. The problem with phrasal verbs is that you cannot guess their meanings.

Phrasal verbs are common in all forms of English. Test your understanding of phrasal verbs with this grammar exercise.

Question 1

The firemen are still trying to extinguish the fire that ………………………………………. on the 18th floor of the 25-storey building.

a) broke out

b) broke up

c) broke away

d) broke off

Question 2

Sales of his latest book have ………………………………………. the 10 million mark.

a) broken off

b) broken away

c) broken through

d) broken up

Question 3

I was shocked to hear that Mary and James had …………………………………………

a) broken up

b) broken down

c) broken off

d) broken away

Question 9

No one can predict when wars will …………………………………………..

a) break out

b) break up

c) break off

d) break away

Question 5

‘I was surprised to hear that Alice is seeing John.’ ‘Why were you surprised? She has already ………………………………… with Peter.’

a) broken out

b) broken away

c) broken off*

d) broken down

Answers

1. The firemen are still trying to extinguish the fire that broke out on the 18th floor of the 25-storey building. (Break out = appear suddenly)

2. Sales of his latest book have broken through the 10 million mark. (Break through = cross)

3. I was shocked to hear that Mary and James had broken up. (Break up = end a relationship)

4. No one can predict when wars will break out. (Break out = appear suddenly)

5. ‘I was surprised to hear that Alice is seeing John.’ ‘Why were you surprised? She has already broken off with Peter.’ (Break off = end a relationship; stop being friendly with someone)

Three-word phrasal verbs exercise

Some verbs can be used with both an adverb particle and a preposition. Examples are: get along with, keep up with etc. Three word phrasal verbs are inseparable.

Complete the following sentences using three-word phrasal verbs. Choose your answers from the options given in the brackets.

1. As I was traveling I couldn’t ……………………. the news. (keep up on / come up with)

2. I was up all night because I had to ………………………. some pending work. (catch up on / keep up with)

3. By taking a short break every now and then, you can ……………………….. all the stress at work. (get away from / keep up with)

4. I don’t think that this is a good idea. We must ………………………. something better. (keep up with / come up with)

5. He walked so fast that I could not …………………………. him. (keep up with / get along with)

6. He doesn’t …………………………. his in-laws. (get along with / keep up with)

7. If you want to lose weight, you must ………………………… your intake of fatty foods. (cut down on / come down with)

8. If you think that you can ……………………… cheating on the test, you are a stupid. (get away with / get along with)

Answers

1. As I was traveling, I couldn’t keep up on the news. (keep up on = stay up-to-date)

2. I was up all night because I had to catch up on some pending work.

3. By taking a short break every now and then, you can get away from all the stress at work. (get away from = escape)

4. I don’t think that this is a good idea. We must come up with something better. (come up with = introduce)

5. He walked so fast that I could not keep up with him. (keep up with = progress at the same speed as somebody else)

6. He doesn’t get along with his in-laws. (get along with = have good relationship with)

7. If you want to lose weight, you must cut down on your intake of fatty foods. (cut down on = reduce)

8. If you think that you can get away with cheating on the test, you are a stupid. (get away with = escape without punishment)



1. The terrorists who ……………………………………. the railway station have been caught.

a) blew up

b) held up

c) turned down

2. It isn’t easy to …………………………. half a dozen children of approximately the same age.

a) bring up

b) bring out

c) bring about

3. He was called Christy ………………………………. his uncle who died at a young age.

a) after

b) around

c) back

4. There is not much ………………………………. air-conditioners during the winter season.

a) call after

b) call for

c) call around

5. This remarkable achievement …………………………… a celebration.

a) calls on

b) calls in

c) calls for

6. This spike in property prices forced us to …………………………………… buying a new apartment.

a) hold off

b) hold onto

c) hold out

7. Do you ………………………………….. people who live together before they get married?

a) hold on

b) hold with

c) hold out on

8. We were ……………………………….. by the traffic jam.

a) held on

b) held out

c) held up

9. She likes to …………………………………….. old clothes for some strange reason.

a) hold off

b) hold onto

c) hold out

10. ……………………………. your hands. I am going to inspect your finger nails.

a) hold off

b) hold out

c) hold on

Answers

1. The terrorists who blew up the railway station have been caught.

2. It isn’t easy to bring up so many children of approximately the same age.

3. He was called Christy after his uncle who died at a young age.

4. There is not much call for air-conditioners during the winter season.

5. This remarkable achievement calls for a celebration.

6. This spike in property prices forced us to hold off buying an apartment.

7. Do you hold with people who live together before they get married?

8. We were held up by the traffic jam.

9. She likes to hold onto old clothes for some strange reason.

10. Hold out your hands. I’m going to inspect your fingernails.



1. He was called Christopher ………………………….. his grandfather.

a) around b) after c) for

2. Would it be all right if I call ………………………………. in the afternoon.

a) around b) for c) after

3. I think you should call him ……………………………….; he has already called twice.

a) in b) back c) around

4. This victory calls …………………………… a big celebration.

a) for b) on c) calls out

5. The monsoon held ……………………………. long enough for us to get the roof repaired.

a) off b) out c) over

6. She quit the job because she didn’t want to …………………………. her boss’s ego.

a) play up b) play with c) play along

7. Don’t play …………………………. fire.

a) upon b) with c) up

8. He tried to play …………………………….. his involvement in the scandal.

a) down b) along c) up

9. She played ……………………………….. his feelings of guilt and made him do what she wanted.

a) upon b) along c) down

10. I knew that she was trying to trick me, but I played ………………………..

a) down b) along c) off

Answers

1. He was called Christopher after his grandfather.

2. Would it be all right if I call around in the afternoon?

3. I think you should call him back; he has already called twice.

4. This victory calls for a big celebration.

5. The monsoon held off long enough for us to get the roof repaired.

6. She quit the job because she didn’t want to play up her boss’s ego.

7. Don’t play with fire.

8. He tried to play down his involvement in the scandal.

9. She played upon his feelings of guilt and made him do what she wanted.

10. I knew that she was trying to trick me but I played along.


Complete the following sentences.

1. The prisoner escaped and got clear …………………………………

a) off b) away c) out

2. It took me four hours to clear things …………………………………

a) up b) out c) away

3. If the weather clears ……………………………….., we will go out.

a) out b) up c) for

4. His accurate bowling contributed ……………………………. his team’s victory.

a) to b) for c) with

5. I can’t cope …………………………….. this huge pile of documents.

a) with b) to c) for

6. I don’t think that we can count …………………………… him.

a) on b) for c) with

7. The elephant crashed …………………………….. the undergrowth.

a) off c) away c) through

8. He would finish one novel and then go ………………………… the next.

a) on b) on to c) to

9. The naughty boy grew …………………………….. to a handsome gentleman.

a) in b) up c) on

10. The mother warned the boy to keep …………………………… from the fire.

a) at b) away c) down

Answers

1. The prisoner escaped and got clear away.

2. It took me four hours to clear things up.

3. If the weather clears up, we will go out.

4. His accurate bowling contributed to his team’s victory.

5. I can’t cope with this huge pile of documents.

6. I don’t think that we can count on him.

7. The elephant crashed through the undergrowth.

8. He would finish one book and then go on to the next.

9. The naughty boy grew up to a handsome gentleman.

10. The mother warned the boy to keep away from the fire.

Three word phrasal verbs exercise

Complete the following sentences.

1. He dropped …………………………… school at fourteen.

a) out of b) out at c) on at

2. Jane has this nasty habit of breaking …………………………… our conversation.

a) in on b) on in c) on at

3. As I had been traveling, I couldn’t catch …………………………… the news around town.

a) up with b) up out c) out on

4. We have employed several people to check …………………………… the condition of our warehouse from time to time.

a) up with b) up on c) out on

5. Can you come …………………………… a better idea?

a) up with b) out with c) out on

6. You must cut …………………………… your intake of sugar.

a) down on b) out on c) down with

7. She doesn’t get …………………………… her siblings.

a) along with b) on with c) out with

8. We must do something to get …………………………… corrupt politicians.

a) off b) rid of c) rid off

9. When will you ever get …………………………… that novel you have been writing for ages?

a) away with b) through with c) on with

10. If you don’t work hard, you won’t be able to keep …………………………… your peers.

a) up with b) through with c) out with

Answers

1. He dropped out of school at fourteen. (drop out of = leave school)

2. Jane has this nasty habit of breaking in on our conversation. (break in on = interrupt)

3. As I had been traveling, I couldn’t catch up with the news around town. (catch up with = keep abreast)

4. We have employed several people to check up on the condition of our warehouse from time to time. (check up on = examine, investigate)

5. Can you come up with a better idea? (come up with = contribute)

6. You must cut down on your intake of sugar. (cut down on = reduce, curtail)

7. She doesn’t get along with her siblings. (get along with = have a good relationship with)

8. We must do something to get rid of corrupt politicians. (get rid of = eliminate)

9. When will you ever get through with that novel you have been writing for ages? (get through with = finish)

10. If you don’t work hard, you won’t be able to keep up with your peers. (keep up with = maintain pace with)

'Such' dan 'So'

Struktur yang menggunakan 'such' dan 'so' adalah sama dalam makna, tetapi berbeda dalam konstruksi. Perbedaan utama antara dua struktur itu adalah bahwa 'such' mengambil sebuah frasa kata benda, sedangkan 'so' menagmbil kata sifat.

'Such … that'

'Such … that' mengambil sebuah kata benda atau kata benda yang dimodifikasi dalam sebuah frasa kata benda. 'That' dapat digunakan setelah frasa kata benda tetapi tidak dituntut.

such + adjective + noun + (that)

Contoh:

The recording was such a disappointment that I didn't buy any more from that artist. Rekaman tersebut demikian tidak memuaskan sehingga saya tidak membeli lagi dari artis itu.It was such an expensive car that the didn't buy it. Sedemikian mahal mobil itu sehingga tidak membelinya.

'So … that'

'So … that' mengambil sebuah kata sifat. 'That' dapat digunakan setelah frasa kata benda tetapi tidak dituntut.

So + adjective + (that)

Contoh:

The game was so fascinating (that) he played for hours. Permainan tersebut begitu mengagumkan (sehingga) ia bermain berjam-jam.Our vacation apartment was so luxurious (that) we didn't want to leave. Apartemen liburan kami demikian mewah (sehingga) kami tidak ingin meninggalkan.

'So' untuk Hasil

'So' juga dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sebuah hasil. Dalam kasus ini 'so' dikuti dengan sebuah anak kalimat/clause penuh:

Contoh:

I had a lot of time so I visited the museum. Saya punya banyak waktu sehingga saya mengunjungi museum itu.She wasn't happy in her current position so she looked for a new job. Ia tidak berbahagia dalam posisi-nya baru-baru ini sehingga ia mengunci untuk pekerjaan baru.

So and such

Complete the following sentences using so or such.

1. She is ………………………. A nice girl.

2. You are ……………………….. sweet.

3. It was …………………………….. a terrible experience.

4. There was ……………………………… much trouble that we had to call the police.

5. I have never seen …………………………… much violence in my life.

6. I have never seen …………………………. A lovely woman.

7. I have never been under …………………………….. much pressure.

8. The news was …………………………… distressing that I couldn’t sleep all night.

9. I didn’t buy the watch because it was …………………………… expensive.

10. I took ………………………… much time to finish the job.

Answers

1. She is such a nice girl.

2. You are so sweet.

3. It was such a terrible experience.

4. There was so much trouble that we had to call the police.

5. I have never seen so much violence in my life.

6. I have never seen such a lovely woman.

7. I have never been under so much pressure.

8. The news was so distressing that I couldn’t sleep all night.

9. I didn’t buy the watch because it was so expensive.

10. I took so much time to finish the job.

Notes

So and such are often confused. They can both be used to mean ‘to that extent’ or ‘that much’. So can be followed by an adjective (without a noun) or an adverb.

So can also be used before the quantifiers much, many, few and little.

We use such before adjective + noun.

Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions are used to show movement to or from a place.

For example:-

to, through, across

We use to to show movement with the aim of a specific destination.

For example:-I moved to Germany in 1998. He's gone to the shops.

We use through to show movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other.

For example: The train went through the tunnel.

We use across to show movement from one side of a surface or line to another.

For example: She swam across the river.

Across, over and through worksheet

Complete the following sentences using across, over or through.

Hints

Across is used to mean ‘on or to the other side of a flat area or surface’. Over is used to mean ‘on or to the other side of something high’. Over can also be used to talk about ages and speeds, and to mean ‘more than’. Through is used for movement in a three dimensional space.

1. The boy jumped ………………………………… the stream. (across / through/ either could be used here)

2. See if you can climb …………………………………… the wall? (across / over / either could be used here)

3. We walked ………………………………… the ice. (across / through / either could be used here)

4. Let’s swim ………………………………… the river. (across / over / either could be used here)

5. We walked …………………………………….. the wood. (across / through / either could be used here)

6. We drove ……………………………………….. the town. (across / through / either could be used here)

7. You can’t watch that film if you aren’t ………………………………….. 18. (over / through / either could be used here)

Answers

1. The boy jumped across the stream.

2. See if you can climb over the wall?

3. We walked across the ice.

4. Let’s swim across the river.

5. We walked through the wood.

6. We drove through the town.

7. You can’t watch that film if you aren’t over 18.

"Still" and "Yet" "Again" and "Already" and even "always", are words which often cause trouble for students of English. So let's try and distinguish clearly between them.

The problem arises because other languages do not have an equivalent choice of words, and one word covers different meanings; French encore and German noch, for example, can be either "still" or "yet" or "again", and sometimes even "always" or "already" in English. Dictionaries don't always clearly distinguish between the different uses.

► 1. STILLStill implies a continuing action, and is generally used in affirmative sentences; for example:

A1 The computer is still analysing the data.A2 They were still talking at midnight.

The action is continuous, and the verb tense with still in this sense is usually a progressive form, except with be, have and verbs of primary perception, as in

A3 I still have that picture you gave me.A4 I can still see him.

or when referring to habitual action:

A5 She still shops at Sainsbury's.

1b. No longer: STILL is not often found in negative sentences: to avoid confusion, it is usually replaced by no longer (or not ... any more) . Note: "no more" should not be used. The negative versions of examples A1 - A3 could be:

B1 The computer is not analysing the data any moreB2 They were no longer talking at midnight. B21: but not: They were no more talking at midnight.B3 I no longer have that picture you gave me.

IMPORTANT: When still is used with not, the position of still before or after the "not" is vital for determining the meaning of the sentence!! If still comes before the verb, this does not mean that an action has stopped, but that it has not yet begun. For example:B 31 I still do not have the picture means that I am waiting to receive it, I have not yet received it.HoweverB 32 I do not still have the picture means the same as I no longer have the picture.

TIP: to avoid mistakes, do not use STILL in negative contexts! There are always alternative expressions !

1c. STILL and ALWAYS: These words are NOT synonymous in English. By using "still", one implies that an action is not permanent, and will be terminated at some moment. By using "always", one implies that an action is permanent and is not likely to be terminated or cease.

B 41 He's still waiting for the bus.B 42 He always goes home by bus.

► 2. YET Yet normally accompanied by NOT, implies non-commenced action. It is most commonly found in negative statements - but it is not a simple negative equivalent of still. It does not imply discontinued action, i.e. action that has finished. For example:

C1. The computer has not yet analysed the data.C4. I can't yet see him (he hasn't appeared).

YET is very rare in affirmative statements. However it can be used in affirmative questions:

C5 Have you yet seen the new James Bond movie ?

TIP: to avoid mistakes, do not use YET in affirmative statements.

► 2.1 CONFUSION between STILL and YET.Confusion is easiest in QUESTIONS: the difference between continuing action (still) and incipient (beginning) action (yet) is fundamental. When a person asks a question, they may not know if an action is commenced, or terminated; the word "yet" leaves this option open, as in example D5. Compare:

D1 He's used the new machine for a year now; can he still remember how to use the old one?D2 He's only lived here for a week: has he yet found out where the best pizzeria is?D3 Can you see anything yet? (Open question, meaning "Have you started to see something?")D4 Can you still see anything? (Question meaning: "Is it still visible?")D5 Have you yet had any rain ? (Open question implying "Maybe you have, maybe you have not".)

► 3 ALREADY

Already implies terminated action. In British English, already is normally used with a

present perfect; American speakers often use it with a preterite.Examples;

D1 I've already been to London three times.D2 We already went to Chicago twice this year.

►4. AGAIN

Again always implies repeated action

E1 I went to Paris last week, and I went there again this week.E2 You haven't broken your CD-player again, have you?

RECAPITULATION

Affirmative context Negative context Interrogative context

(Non)-commenced action not yet yet

Continuing action still no longer, (not still) still

Terminated action already no longer yet / already

Repeated action again again again

Already, yet and still: grammar exercise

Complete the following sentences using already or yet.

1. She has ……………………………. arrived.

a) already b) yet

2. I have been thinking for hours, but I am …………………………. to arrive at a decision.

a) already b) yet

3. She is ………………………….. seeing Peter.

a) already b) still

4. The postman hasn’t come ………………………………

a) still b) yet

5. We have …………………………………. to hear from the tax people.

a) yet b) already

6. We are ……………………………… waiting to hear from the tax people.

a) yet b) still

7. When I was twelve I …………………………….. knew that I wanted to be a doctor.

a) still b) already

8. Don’t eat those mangoes – they aren’t ripe ………………………………….

a) still b) yet

9. I have ………………………………… been to Scotland.

a) already b) yet

10. Have you called the doctor …………………………………..?

a) yet b) already

Answers

1. She has already arrived.

2. I have been thinking for hours but I am yet to arrive at a decision.

3. She is still seeing Peter.

4. The postman hasn’t come yet.

5. We have yet to hear from the tax people.

6. We are still waiting to hear from the tax people.

7. When I was twelve I already knew that I wanted to be a doctor.

8. Don’t eat those mangoes – they aren’t ripe yet.

9. I have already been to Scotland.

10. Have you called the doctor yet?

Using Since and For

Use since + (a specific time) like March 31, or 9:19 a.m., or Tuesday.

Examples:I have been studying English since 1993.John has helped me since 10:00 this morning.Those people have been in Europe since August.

Note: Because we are talking about a time in the past until now, we have to use have/has + past participle when we use since.

******

Use for + (a length of time) like 1 day, or 3 hours, or 5 years.

Examples:I have been studying English for 4 years.John has helped me for 8 hours.Those people went to Europe for 2 months.

Note: It is possible to use the past tense when you use for if the action is finished.

Check Your Understanding

Choose the correct answer. Check your answers below.

1. Leslie has lived here ....... ten years.

2. I haven't seen you ....... last March.

3. We sat and talked ..... 30 minutes.

4. Young-eun studied French ...... nine years.

5. Caroline has been learning Spanish ....... March 1999.

6. We haven't had an earthquake ...... 23 years.

7. I haven't heard from you ........ Saturday.

8. Molly hasn't eaten ........ 7:00 this morning.

9. He played basketball ...... over 20 years.

10. Andre hasn't seen Becky ........ yesterday.

Since and for exercise

These prepositions are very commonly used with the present perfect continuous tense. Note that since is used to say when something started. For is used to say how long it has lasted.

It has been raining since morning. (NOT It has been raining for morning.)

It has been raining for two hours. (NOT It has been raining since two hours.)

I have been waiting since yesterday.

I have been waiting for ten hours.

Exercise

Complete the following sentences using appropriate present perfect continuous tense forms of the verb given in the brackets. The second sentence in each sentence has to be filled in with since or for.

1. He ……………………………………… (work) on that computer ……………………………………… he came here.

2. She ………………………………….. (learn) the piano ……………………………. two months.

3. The men …………………………………………… (work) on this project …………………………………… January.

4. That boy …………………………………………… (watch) TV …………………………….. hours.

5. Ram ………………………………………….. (try) to fix the machine ………………………………………… over two hours.

Answers

1. He has been working on that computer since he came here.

2. She has been learning the piano for two hours.

3. The men have been working on this project since January.

4. That boy has been watching TV for hours.

5. Ram has been trying to fix the machine for over two hours.

Because and Because Of

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