(MEDICAL ASISSTANCE) WAD 5B
(MEDICAL ASISSTANCE)WAD 5B
Arterial blood gas adalah pengiraan asidity (pH)dan tahap kandungan oksigen (O² ) dan karbondioksida (CO²) dalam darah dari arteri.
ABG test digunakan untuk: memeriksa permasalahan pernafasan dan lung
disease seperti asma, cystic fibrosis atau chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
memeriksa tahap asid-base dalam darah seseorangyang mempunyai heart failure, kidney failure,diabetes, sleep disorder, dll.
Normal Result : Partial presure of oxygen (PaO²)
-75-100 mmHg Partial presure of carbon dioxide (PaCO²)
-38-42 mmHg pH
-7.38-7.42 Bicarbonate (HCO³)
-22-28 mEq/L Oxygen content (O²Ct) & Oxygen saturation (O²Sat)
-94-100%- oxygen saturation• Abnormal Result due to :
lung kidney metabolic disease head and neck injuries
Hemoglobin, hb merupakan komponen utama seldarah merah iaitu protein yang mengangkut oksigendari paru-paru keseluruh tubuh badan.
Normal Result :
Male - 13.8 hgga 17.2 gm/dl Female - 12.1 hgga 15.1 gm/dl
Mean of Abnormal result : lower than normal
Anemia bleeding destructive of RBC Malnutrition Nutritional deficiencies of iron, folate , vitamin B6 & B12 overhydration
Higher than normal Con genital heart disease Corpulmonate dehydration Erythroytosis Low blood oxygen level (hypoxia) Pulmonary fibrosis Polycythemia vera
Keadaan yg memerlukan ujian Hb dilakukan :
Anemia of chronic disease Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia Giant cell( temporal , cranial ) arteristis Hemoglobinopathies Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency Idiopathic , autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune hemolytic anemia Iron deficiency anemia Paraxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) Pernicious anemia Placenta Abruptio Polymyalgia rheumatica secondary a plastic anemia
Full blood count adalah test untuk abnormaliti dalamdarah seperti tinggi atau rendah jumlah sel darah.
Normal Result : Red Blood Cell ( erythrocytes )
115-150 gram per liter
White Blood Cell ( Leukocytes ) 4-10 billion per liter
Platelet count 150-400 billion per liter
Parameter Male Female
Haemoglobin g/dL 13.5 - 18.0 11.5 - 16.0
WBC x109/L 4.00 - 11.00 4.00 - 11.00
Platelets x109/L 150 - 400 150 - 400
MCV fL 78 - 100 78 - 100
PCV 0.40 - 0.52 0.37 - 0.47
RBC x1012/L 4.5 - 6.5 3.8 - 5.8
MCH pg 27.0 - 32.0 27.0 - 32.0
MCHC g/dL 31.0 - 37.0 31.0 - 37.0
RDW 11.5 - 15.0 11.5 - 15.0
Neutrophils 2.0 - 7.5 2.0 - 7.5
Lymphocytes 1.0 - 4.5 1.0 - 4.5
Monocytes 0.2 - 0.8 0.2 - 0.8
Eosinophils 0.04 - 0.40 0.04 - 0.40
Basophils < 0.1 < 0.1
Adult Normal Range
Abnormal Result in FBC : Lower than normal
Erythrocytes (Anemia ) low hemoglobin content iron deficiency
leukocytes ( Neutropenia ) low neutropill bone morrow disorder
platelets ( Thrombocytopenia ) low platelet count excessive bleeding & bruising
Abnormal Result in FBC : higher than normal
Erythrocytes ( Polycythaemia ) high hemoglobin count respiratory & circulatory disorder some cases involve tumour dehydration ( high RBC )
Leukocytes ( Leukocytosis ) high WBC Lymphoma / leukaemia allergies / asthma ( high Eosinopill )
Platelets ( Thromocytosis ) high plateletes count Thrombosis
Blood urine serum electrolytes test adalah memeriksaabnormaliti dalam body chemistry. Pengiraanmelibatkan blood urea, sodium, potassium danchloride.
Samples – Blood Urine ( 24 hours )
Normal Result Blood urea – 2.5-7.5 mmol/L / 6-20 mg/dL Sodium – 136-142 mmol/L Patassium – 3.5-5.0 mmol/L Chloride – 98-108 mmol/L Bicarbonate – 23-32 mmol/L
Abnormal Result : lower than normal due to :
blood urea pregnancy starvation chronic liver disease
sodium below 120 mmol/L loss of sodium vomiting & diarrhoea liver failure nephrotic syndrome
potassium diarrhoea and vomiting ileostomy chronic purgative abuse excessive liquorice elderly patients with poor nutrition
chloride chronic lung disease prolonged vomiting loss of acid
Abnormal Result : Higher than normal due to :
blood urea renal failure dehydration eating high protein meal significant gastrointestinal bleed
sodium dehydration
potassium renal failure potassium retaining diuretics ACE inhibitors haemolysis and delayed separation over-night storage in a 'fridge kidney disease
chloride dehydration high blood sodium
o Abnormal in bicarbinate due to dehydration or drinking to muchwater. It signify imbalance of acid-base electrolyte
Grouping cross matching atau blood cross matchingadalah proses menguji darah pesakit melawan sampeldarah penderma untuk mencari keserasian darah.
Dalam keadaan kes kecemasan darah Jenis O akan diberikerana ia merupakan universal donar walaupun darah itujenis O-negatif sebab ketiadaan antigen A dan B.
Jenis darah dikelaskan mengikut sistem ABO dan jenisrhesus (positif / negatif ).
Risiko – tiada risiko dalam prosedure dan ujian darahkecuali dalam kes kecemasan semasa transfusion darah.
Jenis darah yang normal tiada . Prosedure cross matchingdilalukan untuk menyediakan darah yang selamat.
Abnormal result – kecuali dalam kes kecemasan,transfusion tidak boleh dilakukan tanpa hasil darikeserasian cross matching.
Jenis Darah stick together when mixed
Anti-A serum, a type A blood Anti-B serum , a type B bloodBoth anti-A and anti-B serums, a type AB blood
Jika darah tidak melekat apabila anti-A dan Anti-B serumditambah menunjukan darah jenis O.
Jenis Rhesus Blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you
have type Rh-positive blood. Blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type
Rh-negative blood.