Top Banner
28/09/2012 1 Riau, 25-26 September 2012 E. Santoso, M. Turjaman TEKNOLOGI BIOINDUKSI JAMUR PEMBENTUK GAHARU PADA JENIS-JENIS AQUILARIA PENDAHULUAN Bagaimana Cara Memproduksi gaharu yang baik dan mirip dgn gaharu alam? Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam memproduksi gaharu yang berkualitas dan kuantitas dalam satu pohon ? GAHARU ALAM GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) DIBATASI KUOTA- CITES (Appendix 2) JUMLAH EKSPOR TIDAK DIBATASI
26

28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

Jan 22, 2020

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

1

Riau, 25-26 September 2012

E. Santoso, M. Turjaman

TEKNOLOGI BIOINDUKSI JAMUR PEMBENTUK GAHARU PADA JENIS-JENIS AQUILARIA

PENDAHULUAN

Bagaimana Cara Memproduksi gaharu yang baik dan mirip dgn gaharu alam?

Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam memproduksi gaharu yang berkualitas dan kuantitas dalam satu pohon ?

GAHARU ALAM

GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA

(BIOINDUKSI)

DIBATASI KUOTA- CITES (Appendix 2)

JUMLAH EKSPOR TIDAK DIBATASI

Page 2: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

2

GAHARU ALAM

0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th

GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI)

0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th

Menanam pohon gaharu Inokulasi Panen

PROSES PEMBENTUKAN GAHARU

Biological- vs Mechanical- Agents

HIFA JAMUR

Penampang tangensial gaharu setelah diinokulasi 3 bulan

PEMBULUH

Jari-jari

Page 3: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

3

Mikroskopis ADR 9 HIS – Isolat Fusarium (C1)

(Mucharomah, 2009)

Microscopy study Mikroskopis ADR 21 HSI

(Mu

char

om

ah, 2

00

9)

produce a resin after infection with fungi into the phloem and then spread to hartwood

Ajmal Agarwood

We can get good quality of Agarwood by our induction technology. This wood upon microscopic examination shows similarity with the wild Agarwood. Small differences can be observed and can be used to differentiate harvested Vs wild Agarwood. However, more work is required in this direction.

Anatomy of Harvested Vs Wild Agarwood

Fig 1 : Good quality Indian Agarwood Fig 2 : Ajmal’s harvested Agarwood

Page 4: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

4

2.Starch grain layer in decompose layer (1)

(0-8mm)

3.hyphae layer in decompose layer(1)

(8-16mm)

4. Argawood layer (16-20mm)

5. Transition layer (20-54mm)

6. Normal layer (>54mm)

Wound-induced defence responses-development of

occlusions in stems of A. sinensis

1. Agarwood sample

TEKNOLOGI BIOINDUKSI GAHARU

(PELUKAAN or WOUNDING)

CHEMICAL MECHANICAL

TOOLS MICROBIOLOGY

Blade (Cacah/Golok)

Hammering of nails ( paku )

Jasmonic Acid

Sulfuric Acid (Dangerous)

Torula sp. (Bose, 1934) Epicoccum (Battcharrya, 1952) Aspergillus (Gibson,1977) Fusarium solani (Santoso, 1984) Botrydiplodia (Subansenee, 1985) Penicillium (Tamuli, 2000) Acremonium (Rahayu, 2003) Cladosporium (Burfield,2005) Fusarium xylaroides (Agustini, 2006)

Soybean Oil

Gula + Oli

kapak/ gergaji

ADA 3 PROSES PEMBENTUKAN GAHARU : INOKULASI : P A K U

1000 paku per pohon Jumlah paku : 20 kg paku Harga paku = Rp 25.000/kg 1 Ha = 1000 pohon Biaya paku = Rp 500.000.000 Umur pohon = 6- 10 tahun Ukuran paku = 5-15 cm

Page 5: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

5

Aquilaria crassna Gyrinops veerstegii

Inokulasi dgn mekanis paku PERUSAHAAN GAHARU BERBASIS R&D

19 LAOS

Aspergillus niger

Page 6: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

6

TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI MALAYSIA TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI MALAYSIA

Teknologi Inokulasi di Pahang, Malaysia

Page 7: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

7

TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI THAILAND

Hasil gaharu : 200-300 g/pohon Telah dicoba pada > 1000 pohon

VIETNAM

Jenis jamur : Deuteromycota sp. Ascomycota sp. Basidiomycota sp.

Peneliti : Prof. Blanchette

Produk : Kit inokulan :USD 70

Patent :EP 1 656 944 A1

FORDA

No. Surat Ditjen HKI:HKI-3.HI.05.01.04.5777, 31 Agustus 2012

PERUSAHAAN GAHARU BERBASIS R & D

Page 8: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

8

Ajmal Research and Development

Ajmal R&D Centre has carried out adaptive trials for the following crops:

Abelmoschus moschatus (Ambreet seed)

Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh)

Aquilaria malaccensis (Agar)

Artemisia annua (Quinghao)

Alpinia galangal

Acorus calamus (Boch)

Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)

Chamomile recutita (German chemomile)

Cymbopogon winterienus (Citronella)

Cymbopogon flexuosus (Lemon grass)

Cymbopogon martini (Palmarosa)

Curcuma amada (Amada)

Silybum marianum

Vetiveria zizanoides (Khus)

Homalomena aromatic (Sugandhmantri)

Litsea glutinosa (Maidalkari)

Mentha arvensis (Japanese mint)

Mentha piperita(Peppermint)

Mentha spicata (Spearmint)

Ocimum basilicum (French basil)

Oenothera lamarckiana (Evening

primrose)

Piper longum (Pipali)

Piper betle (Pan)

Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium)

Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli)

Rouvolfia serpentine (Sarpagandha)

Santalum album (Sandalwood)

PERUSAHAAN GAHARU BERBASIS R&D

CHIAYI UNIVERSITY (TAIWAN)

SEGITIGA FAKTOR PEMBENTUKAN GAHARU

KEASLIAN

Generasi Pertama : (1984)*

Jamur + Serbuk gergaji

Generasi Kedua: (2004)

Jamur + Nutrisi Cair

Lubang bor besar Tutup dgn lilin masuk air pembusukan tidak praktis hasil : 40-60%

Lubang bor kecil tidak perlu ditutup tidak masuk air tidak ada pembusukan Efektif & Efisien hasil : 100%

*Teknologi generasi I telah ditiru oleh beberapa lembaga riset/universitas yang ada di Indonesia.

I

II

FORDA : RISET PERTAMA TTG BIOINDUKSI SEJAK TAHUN 1984.

Teknologi Generasi I telah diperbaharui dan digantikan dengan Generasi II

Page 9: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

9

Pohon gaharu

Faktor Biologi

Bagaimana Gaharu Terbentuk?

Lingkungan

Apa jenisnya ? Tingkat serangannya ? Jumlah spora/hifa ? Apakah jamurnya hidup ? Tipe inokulumnya ? Bagaimana cara menyuntiknya ?

Apa jenisnya ? Berapa umurnya ? Ukuran diameter ? Apakah pohonnya sehat ?

Tingkat kelembaban ? Apa kena hama/penyakit ? Kesuburan tanah ? Perlakuan prunning ? Keamanan ?

Faktor-faktor yang menentukan:

Apa jenisnya ? Berapa umurnya ? Ukuran diameter ? Apakah pohonnya sehat ?

INANG

Apa jenisnya ? Tingkat serangannya ? Jumlah spora/hifa ? Apakah jamurnya hidup ? Tipe inokulumnya ? Bagaimana cara menyuntiknya ?

JAMUR PATOGEN

Tingkat kelembaban ? Apa kena hama/penyakit ? Kesuburan tanah ? Perlakuan prunning ? Keamanan ?

LINGKUNGAN

Page 10: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

10

Table . Molecular identification of 36 strains of gaharu induction fungi

collected from 17 provinces in Indonesia

There are 70 fungal pathogens of agarwood-forming

Fun

gal p

atho

gen

of g

ahar

u-fo

rmin

g

Page 11: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

11

ISOLASI & PEMURNIAN JAMUR PATOGEN PEMBENTUK GAHARU

PEMANENAN GAHARU

Page 12: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

12

3 months 9 months

12 months

Aquilaria malaccensis ( 9 months )

Gyrinops versteegii (9 months )

2 years

3 years

Aquilaria gaharu product’s Gyrinops gaharu product’s

2 years 3 years

Page 13: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

13

Sanggau, KalBar

PANEN DI SANGGAU

Sanggau, KalBar

Sanggau, KalBar

Page 14: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

14

Sanggau, KalBar

HATI BATANG : BUSUK

BERAT BASAH POHON : 45 KG HASIL PANEN GAHARU : 2,5 KG

PANEN GAHARU 15 BULAN SETELAH INOKULASI

PANEN DI KANDANGAN-BARABAI

Page 15: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

15

Kandangan, KalSel

Lubang Penyuntikan

FORMASI GAHARU

Kandangan, KalSel

Kandangan, KalSel

Page 16: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

16

SATU POHON PENGHASIL GAHARU HASIL INOKULASI

BERAT BASAH = 25 KG BERAT KERING= 13 KG

SERAH TERIMA HASIL PANEN GAHARU

Page 17: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

17

>US $ 800

Aquilaria crassna (3 tahun setelah suntik)

Page 18: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

18

TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI

Isolasi dari Alam

TEKNIK BIOINDUKSI GAHARU

Perbandingan Teknik Inokulasi

•LUBANG SUNTIK BESAR (> 5mm) •INOKULAN PADAT (serbuk gergaji) •DITUTUP

•LUBANG SUNTIK KECIL (3mm)

•INOKULAN CAIR

•DIBIARKAN TERBUKA

Efektivitas: 40% dari populasi pohon yg diuji

Efektivitas: 100% dari populasi pohon yg diuji

Page 19: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

19

Kondisi yg Meningkatkan Keberhasilan Teknik Bioinduksi Gaharu:

• Jenis isolat yang digunakan

• Kondisi kesehatan pohon

• Lingkungan tempat tumbuh

• Ukuran diameter batang ( ideal > 30 cm; 15 cm dpt diinokulasi tp hasil panen relatif lebih sedikit)

• Kedalaman lubang bor: 1/3 diameter batang (terlalu dalam batang busuk)

HEART ROT

Teknologi Inokulasi Dari Taiwan

1. Mikroba : 12 jenis – tidak ada data 2. Teknik inokulasi : sistem infus – injeksi 80% dari diameter 3. Pemanenan : 2 tahun setelah inokulasi 4. Ongkos suntik : Rp 4 juta/pohon 5. Hasil produk gaharu : bentuk gaharu pipa tebal 2-3 mm

saja. 6. Kualitas : kurang baik. 7. Perusahaan gaharu Taiwan : belum mengadopsi teknologi

ini

KOMPARASI DENGAN TEKNIK INDUKSI LAINNYA

Page 20: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

20

Suntik

Inokulasi dalam lubang yang telah di bor

Genset

Bor

10-20 cm

Cair Inokulan

Dimasukan di blender 5-10 menit Tuiang inokulan

pada tempat steril

TEKNIK PENYUNTIKAN

Page 21: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

21

Keliling batang : 60 cm Diameter batang: 60 cm : 3 = 20 cm Kedalaman bor : 1/3 x 20 cm = 6 cm

Mata bor : 3 mm Arah : Tegak lurus Lubang tidak perlu ditutup lilin

Jumlah inokulan : 1 mL

Semua bagian Pohon dapat disuntik

Pohon penghasil gaharu Pohon harus sehat Diameter > 15 cm berbunga/berbuah Jamur yg direkomendasi Jamur yang masih hidup Penyuntikan : tidak hujan

Akar atau Ranting

PENENTU KEBERHASILAN INOKULASI ALAT BOR BERUKURAN 3mm :

JARI-JARI SEPEDA MOTOR -Murah -Tidak Mudah Patah - Lubang inokulasi tidak busuk

Alat injeksi otomatis untuk memasukan Inokulan gaharu di batang pohon TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI TAIWAN

Page 22: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

22

PRODUK GAHARU PIPA TEBAL 2-3 MM- TENGAH BATANG BERLUBANG

TEKNOLOGI INOKULASI TAIWAN

INOKULAN ?

Contoh ? Hitam ? Wangi ? Busuk?

INOKULAN BERBAHAN KIMIA BANYAK BEREDAR

Demplot Ujicoba:

• PLOT UTAMA: Sanggau (Pak Nuh)

Kandangan-Barabai (Pak M. Yani)

KHDTK Carita (PusKonSer) terserang hama

• PLOT PENDUKUNG: Kab. Tabanan – Bali

Kab. Ngada – Flores

Kab Kotabaru – Kalsel

P. Lingga – Kepri

Sukabumi

Tomohon - Sulut

Lampung Timur, Lampung Tengah, Lampung Utara

Dll. Lokasi demplot : Bioinduksi Gaharu

Bioinduction development plots

Page 23: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

23

Teknik Bioinduksi gaharu (Soeparno,2011)

Bioinduksi pada pohon gaharu di kebun karet

Perlu 3 L inokulan

Bioinduksi pada pohon gaharu hasil budidaya

Page 24: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

24

PULAU LAUT (KALIMANTAN SELATAN)

Gyrinops in Lombok

Fusarium spp. (Padang)

Fusarium spp. (Jambi)

Fusarium spp. (Gorontalo)

Page 25: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

25

Location : KHDTK CARITA, BANTEN

SUMATERA UTARA

By : Suparno

99 100

Agarwood after one month infection of 4 cm branch diameter by isolated fungi from Natural Agarwood in Borikhamxay Province, Lao PDR. (Lao Super Agarwood Fungus)

Page 26: 28/09/2012 - forda-mof.org · GAHARU ALAM 0th 5th 10th 15th 20th 25th 30th 35th 40th 45th 50th GAHARU HASIL BUDIDAYA (BIOINDUKSI) 0th 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th

28/09/2012

26

101

Agarwood after nine months infection of 10 cm diam. stem diameter stem by Aspergillums Niger, that we use to isolate with the optimum of temperature 60 – 70 ðC and pH 4 – 6. RESIKO USAHA

Pemalsuan produk, berupa pengoplosan isi formula. Penanaman massal pohon gaharu, resiko serangan hama-penyakit Perijinan gaharu hasil induksi non-kuota belum jelas. Grading gaharu masih ditentukan oleh trader. Teknologi ini sudah dikomersialkan secara terbatas, Seleksi pengguna, terutama khusus kepada kelompok tani gaharu. Pembelian dilakukan dengan cara pemesanan.

RESIKO OPERASIONAL

Harus dimengerti bahwa daya agresivitas jamur dapat menurun. Produk jamur ada masa kadaluarsa. Menjaga kemurnian jamur, menghindari kontaminasi. Peruntukan jamur disuatu daerah berbeda untuk daerah lain. Kesalahan operasional aplikasi bioinduksi di lapangan : ukuran mata bor harus sesuai prosedur. obat jamur harus masuk ke dalam lubang bor. biaya pembuatan tangga pemanjat diminimalisir. Perlu kehati-hatian dan ketelitian. Biaya induksi per pohon : Rp 400.000-Rp 1.000.000/ tergantung diameter batang.